INDEX–GLOSSARY

The terminology of temple architecture presents many difficulties, one of which is that the Japanese terms often have no standard translation. In the text I have attempted to give English equivalents wherever possible, while noting Japanese counterparts in the index.

Note: Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.

adzes (chōna). See tools

animism, 24

apprentice carpenters (deshi). See carpenters: types of

Asano, Kiyoshi, 40

assistant master carpenters (fuku-toryo). See carpenters: types of

Asuka, 36

Asuka-dera temple, 18

axes (ono). See tools

bamboo (take), 22

bamboo marking pen (sumisashi). See tools: layout and marking tools

bare wood construction (shiraki zukuri), 18, 31, 68

base stones (soseki), 52, 97, 97, 98, 99, 100, 143

beams (hari), 9, 18, 64, 95, 96, 132; base tie beams (jinuki), 100; brace beams (nageshi), 71, 92, 96, 102, 103, 143; bracket beams (toshi-chikarahijiki, tsukebari), 109, 109–11; corner main beams (sumiobari), 94, 118, 119, 119, 123; head tie beams (kashira nuki), 97, 97, 101, 101, 106, 110, 112; gable end main beams (nagekakebari), 64, 94, 118, 119, 119; hold-down beam, 127, 127, 128, 133; horizontal brace beams (nageshi), 69, 95, 96, 103, 143; longitudinal tie beams (keta), 118, 119, 120, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127; lower longitudinal tie beams (shikigeta), 118, 119, 120, 120, 121; main beams, 94, 96, 115, 115 –18, 119, 125, 127; mid-wall tie beams (uchinori nuki), 97, 97; penetrating tie beams, 97, 97, 100, 141; ridge beams (no-munagi), 66, 134; tie beams (nuki), 70, 71, 92, 97, 97, 100, 101, 119; See also bracketing and bracket complexes; gables

bearing blocks (masu), 93. See also bracketing and bracket complexes

Bell Tower (Showa). See Yakushiji temple

blocks (masu). See bearing blocks

braces (koya nuki), 102, 103, 132, 135

bracketing and bracket complexes (kumimono, masugumi, tokyo), 1, 18, 64, 96, 104–9, 104–9, 112, 117; center bracket arms (daito hijiki), 106

Buddha, 16, 18, 36; relics of, 16, 18, 44, 45, 52, 53

Buddhism, 15, 18: architectural influences of, 15, 18; Hossō sect of, 37, 40, 44; Pure Land sect of, 39; in ridge beam ceremony, 156; Shingon sect of, 39; spread of, 16; temples as physical model of, 16; time according to, 34. See also temples

building materials, 22, 24

cabinetry, 25

capital cities, Japanese, 16, 17

carpenters (daiku), Japanese, 15, 21, 23, 24, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 46, 51, 66, 86; and grid systems, 54, 54; interdependence of, 33, 47; rules of thumb of (kokoroe), 30, 56, 58; timetable of, 35; training of, 32, 33; types of, 25, 28, 32, 66; workshop of, 62, 66; written records of, 12, 23, 48

carpentry. See carpenters; joinery; woodworking

carpentry manuals: Chinese, 48; Japanese, 48

ceiling (tenjo), 49, 96, 96, 141, 141, 142, 143; ceiling boards (tenjo ita), 141; ceiling grid/lattice (tenjo geta), 141, 141, 142

Central Gate (Chumon). See Yakushiji temple

ceremonies: column raising (ritchu-shiki), 8, 40; dedication (rakkei-shiki), 36, 40, 45; groundbreaking (kikō-shiki), 40, 44, 45, 55; raising ridge beam, 44, 92, 154–7, 154–7

China, 16, 37, 39, 45, 86; architectural influences from, 22, 48; geomantic principles from, 13, 58; joinery techniques from, 86; temple layouts of, 16, 18

chisels (nomi). See tools

columns (hashira), 9, 18, 31, 54, 57, 58, 59, 59, 65, 66, 70, 92, 93, 97, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 122, 138, 143; base stones (soseki), 97, 97, 98, 100, 143; column raising ceremony (ritchu-shiki), 8, 40; fabrication of, 63; placement of, 2, 21, 58, 58, 97; proportions of, 54

construction site (genba). See workshop

corridors, roofed (kairō), 8, 9, 18, 39, 40, 44, 45, 53

craftsman (shokunin), 25, 32, 34, 39. See also carpenters

cross arms (hijiki), 104, 106, 108. See also bracketing and bracket complexes

cross ties, 91, 120, 120, 121, 132, 133, 134. See also bracketing and bracket complexes

crown end (sueguchi), of timber. See wood

curves, structural, 21, 29, 51, 64, 70, 70, 80. See also roof

cypress. See hinoki; Taiwanese cypress

daiku. See carpenters

decorations, 15, 18, 71, 144, 146

doors (tobira) and doorways, 11, 19, 49, 62, 96, 103, 143, 143, 144; door bays, 97; door frames (hodate), 5, 71, 97, 102; door panels (tobira ita), 143, 143; door pulls, 25; door sills (kewanashi), 19, 25, 71, 95, 96, 102, 103, 103

dowel, peg, or pin (dabo), 100, 101, 104, 106, 110, 116, 123, 126

earthquakes, 24

East Pagoda (Tōtō). See Yakushiji temple

eaves, 18, 19, 54, 70, 96, 132, 136; eaves filler strip (mendo ita), 132, 136; eaves support beam (kaya-oi), 129, 129, 130, 131. See also frames

fabrication of parts, 21, 62–9, 66, 92

fireproofing, 40

floor tiles, 55

foundations: stones (dodai), 18, 44, 97, 97, 99, 143, 143; platform (kidan), 97, 97

Four Gods (Shishin), 13, 58

frames (kumi, gumi), 3, 86, 92; lower frame (jikugumi, jikubu), 97, 97. See also doors and doorways

Fujiwara (Asuka), 36

gables (tsuma), 64, 71, 94, 132, 135, 137; decorative pendant (gegyo), 14, 71, 135; fascia board or bargeboard (hafu), 71, 135, 135; gable ends, 64, 109, 118, 119, 119, 120, 140, 153. See also beams: gable end main beams

gates, 19

Genjō-dō (Octagonal Hall). See Yakushiji temple

Genjō Sanzō (Hsüan-tsang), 37, 44, 45, 52

geomancy, 13, 58

Golden Hall (Kondō). See Yakushiji temple

grain, of wood, 21, 24, 25, 31, 59, 59, 66, 68, 76

Great Southern Gate (Nandai-mon). See Yakushiji temple

groundbreaking ceremony. See ceremonies

guages. See tools: layout and marking tools

hammers (tsuchi). See tools

Heart Sutra, 40, 45

Heijō (Nara), 36, 38

hinoki (cypress), 24, 30, 31, 34, 40, 68; types of, 31

Hirayama, Ikuo, 9

Hōryūji temple, 12, 18, 30, 31, 40

Hossō sect. See Buddhism

house carpenter (kaoku daiku). See carpenters: types of

Hsüan-tsang. See Genjō Sanzō

Ikeda Kensetu, 54

inkpot and line (sumitsubo). See tools: layout and marking tools

Japanese trees: black pine (kuromatsu), 25; cedar (sugi), 25; cherry (sakura), 25; cypress (hinoki) 24, 31; legume (enju), 58; maple (momiji), 25; mulberry (kuwa) 25; oak (kashi), 25; paulownia (kiri), 25, 58; plum, 58; red pine (akamatsu, mematsu) 24–5; spruce (tsuga) 25; zelkova (keyaki), 24. See also hinoki

joinery (ki-gumi), 25, 84, 85, 86

joints, 86–91; types of: dovetail splice joint (an hozo), 130; gooseneck splice joint (kamatsugi), 86, 86, 101, 113, 114, 133; mortise, 86, 86, 90 –1, 113; square-headed gooseneck joint (hako kama), 101; tenon, 21, 68, 71, 78, 84, 86, 87, 88 –9, 113; tongue and groove (honzanehagi), 126, 143; zigzag splice joint (daimochi tsugi), 115, 116, 117

Katagiri, Katsumoto, 28

Korea, 15; architecture of, 22; architectural influences from, 16, 18, 68, 86; building types of, 18; temple layouts of, 18

lath (mawatashi), 138, 139. See also walls

layout (sumitsuke), 25, 66, 67; tools, 66–7, 67, 74, 76

Lecture Hall (Daikodō). See Yakushiji temple

masonry, 16, 22, 24. See also foundations

master carpenters (toryo). See carpenters

miya-daiku (temple carpenter)

monk’s quarters. See Yakushiji temple

movement of wood, 44, 70. See also shrinkage of wood

murals. See religious paintings

nails, spikes (kugi), 82, 84, 127, 128, 143, 147

Nara (Heijō), 8, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 51, 68

National Treasures, 39, 40

Nishioka, Tsunekazu, 2, 8–11, 12–13, 20–1, 24, 25, 29–35, 29, 30, 33, 34, 48, 53, 55, 56, 58, 75, 156; documentary on, 12–13; and Hōryūji restoration, 28, 30, 31, 40, 58, 76, 86; oral teachings of (kuden), 12–13, 26–7, 46–7, 58, 60–1, 72–3; reputation of, 10; spear plane revived by, 81; on tools and toolmaking, 76, 78–9, 81; on wood selection, 26–7, 58–9; and Yakushiji restoration, 28, 53, 54, 86

Ogawa, Mitsua, 8, 45

Ōta, Hirotarō, 40

Octagonal Hall (hakkakudo), 45. See also Yakushiji temple

pagodas (tō), 16, 24; at Hōryūji, 30, 31; at Yakushiji, 18, 39, 44, 45, 53

painted architecture, 18, 68, 69. See also bare wood construction

paving stones, 144–5, 146

Picture Hall (E-den), construction of, 92–153, 92–153; elevations of, 94–5; plans of, 92, 96. See also Yakushiji temple

planes (kanna). See tools

plaster (shikkui). See walls: wattle and daub

proportions: of building parts (hiritsu), 48, 50, 51, 54; of compounds (iiwari), 51, 51, 53, 53

Pure Land sect of Buddhism, 39. See also Buddhism

purlins: roof purlins (moya), 132, 132, 133, 134, 135; wall purlins (gawa-geta, noki-geta), 70, 112, 112, 113, 114, 117, 127

rafters, 9, 18, 49, 71, 96, 123, 123, 127, 127, 143; decorative rafters, 71; hidden rafters (nodaruki), 132, 132, 133, 135, 135, 136, 137; hip rafters (sumigi), 66, 123, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 143; lower or base rafters (ji-sumigi), 123, 123, 124, 126, 127, 127, 128, 129, 130; rafter backing boards (kesho ura ita), 129, 130; upper rafters (hien-daruki), 123, 123, 124, 126, 127, 127, 128, 129, 129, 130, 131

Refectory (Jikido). See Yakushiji temple

religious paintings and sculpture, 18, 19, 45

ridge beams (no-munagi). See beams

ridge beam ceremony (joto-shiki, muneage-shiki), 92, 132, 154, 154–5, 156, 156–7

ridge tiles (sumimune-gawara), 44, 153

roof (yane, koya), 16, 18, 21, 39, 44, 51, 71, 84, 92, 96, 96, 112, 119, 129, 132, 135, 141, 151, 154, 156; roof beams, 25, 31, 132; “false” roof, 39, 52; “hidden” roof (no-yane), 132, 132, 133; roof line, 136; roof load, 70, 104, 115, 123, 124; roof ridge, 132, 147; roof purlins (moya), 86, 132, 132, 133, 134, 135; roof sheathing (no-jiita), 135, 135, 137, 147, 148; roof structure, 92, 134, 135, 141; roof struts, 132

roof tiles (kawara), 18, 31, 96, 129, 147, 147; bird perch tiles (tori-busuma), 147, 153; dished primary tiles (hira-gawara), 147, 148, 149, 150; ogre tiles (oni-gawara), 147, 153; semi-cylindrical ridge tiles (sumimune-no-maru), 151, 152; semi-cylindrical roof tiles (marugawara), 147, 150, 151;

root end (motoguchi), of timber. See wood: characteristics of, growth factors

Sanzō-in. See Yakushiji temple

saws (nokogiri). See tools

settling of structures, 33, 44

shaku (unit of measurement), 51, 53, 53, 86

sharpening stones (toishi). See tools

Shingon sect of Buddhism, 39. See Buddhism

Shintō, 12, 24, 156; animism, 15, 24; ceremonies, 24; in ridge beam ceremony, 156; shrines, 15, 16, 25, 39

Shitennōji temple, 18

shokunin (craftsman), 25. See also carpenters

shop drawings, 21, 33, 66

shrines, Shintō, 15, 16, 25, 39

shrinkage of wood, 44, 70. See also movement of wood

spear planes (yariganna). See tools

steel (tetsu), in toolmaking, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83; hard-edge steel (hagane), 79; soft backing steel (jigane), 79

steel squares (sashigane). See tools

struts or stub posts (tsuka), 120, 120, 121, 122, 132, 132, 133, 134, 135; block-bearing (kentozuka), 104, 112

stupa, 16

support blocks (masu). See bearing blocks

sutra, 16, 39, 40, 45

Sutra Repository (Kyōzō). See Yakushiji temple

Taiwanese trees: cypress (tai-hi), 31; hinoki, 31, 40, 44, 67

Takada, Kōin, 9, 40, 45

Takenaka Carpentry Museum, Kobe, 10

teahouse carpenter (sukiya daiku), 25

templates (kata-ita), 21, 29, 33, 53, 55, 55, 66, 67, 67, 136

temple carpenter (miya daiku), 25

temples (tera), Buddhist (Japanese), 15, 19; buildings of 19; design of, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54; layout of, 16, 18, 19, 21, 25, 48, 51, 52, 74; measurements of, 48; as physical models of abstract philosophy, 15; proportions of, 48, 50, 51, 51, 52–3, 53, 54; south-facing orientation of, 54; wood construction technology in building, 24, 36, 74

ties. See beams: tie beams

tiles (kawara). See floor tiles, ridge tiles, roof tiles

tools (dōgu), 16, 24, 32, 33, 67, 74–83; hand, 67, 74; adzes (chōna), 63, 65, 74, 77, 77; axes (ono), 65, 74, 77, 77; chisels (nomi), 74, 79, 79, 87, 89, 90–1; hammers (tsuchi), 74, 82, 82, 87; layout and marking tools, 33, 66–7, 67, 74, 76–7, 76, 83, 83, 88; making and composition of, 74–83; planes (kanna), 69, 74, 80, 80; power tools, 62, 67, 68, 69, 74; saws (nokogiri), 66, 74, 78–9, 78, 87, 90–1; sharpening stones (toishi), 74, 83, 83; spear planes (yariganna), 11, 74, 75, 81, 81; steel squares (sashigane), 66–7, 67, 76, 76, 88

trees (ki), location of, 58–9; orientation of, 58–9, 58, 59. See also Japanese trees; Taiwanese trees

Tsujimoto, Kannya, 44

walls (kabe), 45, 143; purlins of, 70, 112, 112–14; wattle and daub (tsuchi-kabe), 138, 138, 139, 140

wayō (building style), 51, 53

wedges (kusabi), 44, 97, 100

West Pagoda (Saitō). See Yakushiji temple

windows, absence of, 19

wood (ki), 22, 24–5; availability in Japan, 22; characteristics of, 30–1, 58; cypress (hinoki), 24; grain of, 59, 59; growth factors of, 27, 30–1, 58, 58–9; movement of, 44, 59, 59, 76; “personality” of, 26, 30, 46, 56, 66; preparation of (ki-dori), 66; selection of, 31, 56–9, 58; shrinkage of, 44, 59, 59, 70; types of, 22, 24–5. See also bamboo

woodworking, Japanese, 16, 22–5, 84. See also carpenters; joinery; wood

workshop, carpenters’ (oshigotoba), 22, 30, 33, 62, 66, 66

Yakushi Nyorai, 36, 39

Yakushiji temple, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 18–19, 21, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36–45, 40, 41, 44–5, 45, 51, 51, 52, 53, 58, 62, 68, 81, 86; Bell Tower (Showa), 8, 39, 41, 44; Central Gate (Chumon), 39, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 52; Cloister or Corridor (Kairō), 9, 39, 40, 41, 44, 44, 52; East Pagoda (Tōtō), 8, 18–19, 19, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 52; Golden Hall (Kondō), 18, 18–19, 39, 40, 40, 41, 42, 44; Lecture Hall (Daikodō), 1, 8, 11, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45; monks’ quarters, 8, 41; murals, 9, 45; Octagonal Hall (Genjō-dō), 10, 41, 45, 49, 52, 53, 55; Picture Hall (E-den), 8, 9, 9, 15, 21, 25, 41, 45, 49, 50, 52, 54, 57, 92–153, 92–153; proportions of, 48, 50, 51, 51; Refectory, 39, 41, 44; Sanzō-in subcompound, 8, 9, 13, 21, 41, 52, 53, 92; Southern Gate (Nandai-mon), 39, 41; Sutra Repository (Kyōzō), 8, 39, 41, 44, 45, 50, 52; West Pagoda (Saitō), 18–19, 19, 37, 40, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 52