Notes

PREFACE

1. William Perkins, A Direction for the Government of the Tongue according to Gods Word (1593; 1638 edn.), sig. A2.

CHAPTER 1

1. Edward Reynolds, A Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man (1640), 505–7. See also John Abernethy, A Christian and Heavenly Treatise, Containing Physicke for the Soule (1622), 464.

2. Edward Reyner, Rules for the Government of the Tongue (1656), sig. A3v.

3. Lynn Forest-Hill, ‘Sins of the Mouth: Signs of Subversion in Medieval English Cycle Plays,’ in Dermot Cavanagh and Tim Kirk (eds.), Subversion and Scurrility: Popular Discourse in Europe from 1500 to the Present (Aldershot and Burlington, 2000), 11–25; Carla Mazzio, ‘Sins of the Tongue in Early Modern England,’ Modern Language Studies, 28 (1998), 93–124. See also John Skelton (1460–1529), ‘Against Venomous Tongues’, in The Complete Poems of John Skelton, ed. Philip Henderson (1959), 245–9; Reyner, Rules for the Government of the Tongue, ‘An Epistle to the Reader,’ citing the fourth-century saints Basil and Gregory of Naziazen on these poisonous ‘sins of the tongue’.

4. I. D., A Hedgerow of Busshes, Brambles, and Briers; or, A Fielde full of Tares, Thistles and Tine: Of the Vanities of this Worlde, leading the way to eternall damnation (1598), title page, sigs. I—Iv.

5. [Edward Nisbet], Caesars Dialogue or A Familiar Communication containing the first Institution of a Subiect, in allegiance to his Souveraigne (1601), 33, 37. This was republished in 1623 as Foode for families: or, An wholsome houshold-discourse: in which all estates and sorts of people whatsoeuer, are taught, their duties towards God, their alegeance to their King, and their brotherly loue and charitie one to another. See also Jean de Marconville, A Treatise of the Good and Evell Tounge (c.1592), and William Perkins, A Direction for the Government of the Tongue according to Gods Word (1593; 1638 edn.), 103.

6. William Vaughan, The Spirit of Detraction (1611), ‘to the reader’, 104.

7. Perkins, Direction for the Government of the Tongue, sig. A2.

8. Abernethy, Christian and Heavenly Treatise, ch. 32, ‘The Poisonous Tongue’; William Gearing, A Bridle for the Tongue; or, A Treatise of Ten Sins of the Tongue (1663); John Brinsley, [Glosso-Chalinosis] Or, A Bridle for the Tongue (1664); T. I., A Cure for the Tongue-Evill (1662); Richard Ward, A Treatise of the Nature, Use, and Abuse of the Tongue and Speech, in his Two Very Usefull and Compendious Theological Treatises (1673); [Matthew Killiray], The Swearer and the Drunkard (1673). See also Christopher Blackwood, Some Pious Treatises Being 1. A Bridle for the Tongue (1654).

9. Robert Bolton, Some Generall Directions for a Comfortable Walking with God (1638), 113.

10. Joseph Bentham, The Societie of the Saints: or, A Treatise of Good-fellows, and their Good-fellowship (1630; 1638 edn.), 126. The list included mocking Ishmaels, railing Rabshakehs, reviling Shimeies, scoffing children, backbiting dogs, slandering Tertullus, ‘and all the kennels of those doggish barkers against God’s children’.

11. George Webbe, The Araignement of an Unruly Tongue (1619), sig. A3v; Abernethy, Christian and Heavenly Treatise, 463–85; Richard Allestree, The Government of the Tongue (Oxford, 1674), sig. A3; Mazzio, ‘Sins of the Tongue’, 100–1.

12. John Webster, The Duchess of Malfi (1613), Act 1, Scene 2.

13. Thomas Adams, The Taming of the Tongue (1616), bound with his The Sacrifice of Thankefulnesse (1616), 27.

14. Vaughan, Spirit of Detraction, ‘to the reader’, 104.

15. Adams, Taming of the Tongue, 36.

16. [John Taylor], A Iuniper Lecture. With the Description of all sorts of Women (1639), 27.

17. The Anatomy of a Woman’s Tongue (1638), in William Oldys and Thomas Park (eds.), The Harleian Miscellany (12 vols., 1808–11), ii. 183–93.

18. [Martin Parker], Keep a Good Tongue in your Head (1634), broadsheet.

19. Oxford University Archives, Chancellor’s Court Papers, 1639/304.

20. Marconville, Treatise of the Good and Evell Tounge, sigs. A2, A6v.

21. Youths Behaviour, or Decency in Conversation Amongst Men (4th edn., 1646), 33. See also The Civile Conversation of M. Steeven Guazzo. The First Three Books Translated by George Pettie, anno 1581, ed. Sir Edward Sullivan (2 vols., 1925).

22. Jacopo Affinati d’Acuto, The Dumbe Divine Speaker. . . shewing both the dignitie and defectes of the Tongue (1605), sig. A3. Cf John Holles, earl of Clare, to his son in 1625, counselling silence: ‘more have been hurt by their words than by their deeds’ (Letters of John Holles 1587–1637, ed. P. R. Seddon (Thoroton Society Record Series, 35, 1983), 314).

23. Affinati, Dumbe Divine Speaker, 85. Cf. Helkiah Crooke, Microcosmographia. A Description of the Body of Man (1618), 628–9, ‘of the tongue and his muscles’.

24. John Ray, A Compleat Collection of English Proverbs (3rd edn., 1742), 11. Cf. Perkins, Direction for the Government of the Tongue, 18: ‘speech is the very image of the heart.’

25. Thomas Wright, The Passions of the Minde (1600; 1630 edn.), 32.

26. The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO) SP 12/273/35.

27. Sullivan (ed.), Civile Conversation of M. Steeven Guazzo, ed. Sullivan, i. 67, 70.

28. The Reports of Sir George Croke Knight… Revised, and Published in English by Sir Harebotle Grimston (1657), 89, 242.

29. Reynolds, Treatise of the Passions, 506; Reyner, Rules for the Government of theTongue, ‘To the Reader’.

30. G. L. Apperson (ed.), English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases: A Historical Dictionary (1929; repr. Detroit, 1969), 594; John Ettlinger and Ruby Day (eds.), Old English Proverbs Collected by Nathan Bailey, 1736 (1992), 104.

31. Wright, Passions of the Minde, 107.

32. William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act III, Scene 2.

33. Allestree, Government of the Tongue, sigs. a2^v—a3.

34. Adams, Taming of the Tongue, 25, 28.

35. Robert Horn, The Christian Gouernour, in the Common-wealth, and Priuate Families (1614), sigs. P8, Q5. See also Perkins, Direction for the Government of the Tongue, 16; Stephen Ford, The Evil Tongue Tryed and found Guilty (1672); and Allestree, Government of the Tongue.

36. Reyner, Rules for the Government of the Tongue, ‘To the reader’, sig. A2^v, 5, 94.

37. Killiray, Swearer and the Drunkard, 17.

38. Ecclesiastes 28: 17; Psalms 57: 4.

39. Apperson (ed.), English Proverbs, 638–9.

40. Skelton, ‘Against Venomous Tongues’, in Complete Poems, ed. Henderson, 247.

41. [John Heywood], A Ballad against Slander and Detraction (1562), broadsheet. See also Civile Conversation of M. Steeven Guazzo, ed. Sullivan, i. 65, for an ‘ill tongue’ like stinging bees.

42. William Vaughan, The Arraignment of Slander (1630), 123.

43. Killiray, Swearer and the Drunkard, 16.

44. Ferdinando Pulton, De Pace Regis et Regni, viz. A Treatise declaring which be the great and generall Offences of the Realme (1610), fos. 1–1^v.

45. Anthony Anderson, An Exposition of the Hymne Commonly Called Benedictus (1574), sig. 30v; id., The Shield of our Safetie (15 81), sig. T4^v.

46. A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Thomas Birch (7 vols., 1742), i. 54.

47. George Webbe, The Practice of Quietnes: Directing a Christian how to live quietlyin this troublesome world (6th edn., 1633), 249–52.

48. Ford, Evil Tongue Tryed, 73, 111, 157.

49. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. Thomas C. Faulkner, Nicolas K. Kiessling, and Rhonda L. Blair (6 vols., Oxford, 1989), i. 339.

50. Ford, Evil Tongue Tryed, 16.

51. ‘Speech act theory’ begins with J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Cambridge, MA, 1962; 2nd edn., 1975). It treats language as action, analyses ‘performative utterances’, and examines the consequences of ‘the perlocutionary act’. Refined by John R. Searle, Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language (Cambridge, 1969), and Mind, Language and Society: Philosophy in the Real World (New York, 1998), it has transformed the philosophy of language. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge, MA, 1991), understands linguistic exchanges as instruments and relations of power and authority. Legal scholars concerned with ‘free speech’ analyse ‘speech as conduct’—e.g. Franklyn S. Haiman, ‘Speech Acts’ and the First Amendment (Carbondale, IL, 1993); Eugene Volokh, ‘Speech as Conduct: Generally Applicable Laws, Illegal Courses of Conduct, “Situation-Altering Utterances,” and the Uncharted Zones’, Cornell Law Review, 90 (2005), 1277–348; Anon., ‘Rehabilitating the Performative’, Harvard Law Review, 120 (2007), 2200–21. See also Kent Greenawalt, Speech, Crime, and the Uses of Language (Oxford and New York, 1989); Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York, 1997).

52. T. F., Newes from the North (1579), sig. Biv^v.

53. Perkins, Direction for the Government of the Tongue, 2, 41.

54. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Tudor Royal Proclamations, ii. The Later Tudors (1553–1587) (New Haven and London, 1969), 4.

55. Civile Conversation of M. Steeven Guazzo, ed. Sullivan, i. 65–6.

56. William Willymat, A Loyal Subjects Looking- Glasse, Or A good subjects direction, necessary and requisite for every good Christian (1604), sig. A2^v— A3^v, 60, 61.

57. [Richard Morison], A Remedy for Sedition (1536), sigs. Civ—Civ^v, D^v.

58. TNA: PRO SP 12/44/52.

59. Homilie agaynst Disobedience and Wylful Rebellion (1570), part 4.

60. TNA: PRO SP 12/273/35.

61. [Nisbet], Caesars Dialogue, 31, 36.

62. Alexander Nowell, A Catechisme, or Institution of Christian Religion to be learned by all youth (1570; 1638 edn.), sigs. B^v—B2. It may be no coincidence that Nowell’s Catechism came out in the same year as the Homilie agaynst Disobedience and Wylful Rebellion.

63. William Gouge, A Short Catechisme, wherein are briefly handled the fundamentall principles of Christian Religion (7th edn., 1635), sig. A6.

64. John Ball, A Short Catechisme. Containing the Principles of Religion. Very profitable for all sorts of People (18th impression, 1637), 34.

65. John Dod, A Plaine and Familiar Exposition of the Ten Commandements (18th edn., 1632), 171–2, 177, 216.

66. Robert Blofield in Star Chamber, 1623, TNA: PRO STAC 8/32/20; Attorney General Sir Thomas Coventry in 1624, TNA: PRO STAC 8/29/12.

67. The Doctrine of the Bible: Or, Rules of Discipline (1604; 1641 edn.), fos. 2, 19^v—20; Exodus 22: 28.

68. John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593–1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (1894), 177.

69. TNA: PRO STAC 8/6/10.

70. [Sir John Melton], A Sixe-folde Politician (1609), 41.

71. Webbe, Practice of Quietnes, 140.

72. Henry Valentine, God Save the King. A Sermon Preached in St. Pauls Church the27th of March 1639 (1639), 5, 7, 18, 19; John Swan, Redde Debitum. Or, A Discourse in defence of three chiefe Fatherhoods (1640), 7, 11; J. P. Kenyon (ed.), The Stuart Constitution (Cambridge, 1966), 18.

73. Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiasticall. . . 1640 (1640), sigs. B4^v, C.

74. William Laud, sermon before the king at Whitehall, 19 June 1625, in The Works of. . . William Laud, D. D., ed. William Scott and James Bliss (7 vols., Oxford, 1847–60), i. 99, 107, 115.

75. Laud, Works, i. 64, 132, 190, 191, 195.

76. Isaac Bargrave, A Sermon Preached Before King Charles March 27 1627 (1627), 2–3, 19.

77. Thomas Hurste, The Descent of Authoritie: or, The Magistrates Patent from Heaven (1637), 16, 23, 24.

78. Henry Peacham, The Dvty of all Trve Svbiects to their King (1639), 9–10.

79. Valentine, God Save the King, 15, 19, 34.

80. Valentine, God Save the King, 19; Robert Mossom, The King on his Throne: Or, A Discourse maintaining the Dignity of a King, the Duty of a Subject, and the unlawfulnesse of Rebellion (York, 1642), 39; Richard Towgood, Disloyalty of Language Questioned and Censured (Bristol, 1643), title page, 1–8, 16; W. J., Obedience Active and Passive Due to the Supream Power (Oxford, 1643), 6, 13, 14.

81. Thomas Starkey, Exhortation to Unitie and Obedience (1536), fos. aii, 15^v, 28, 34.

82. Edward Hall quoted in G. W. Bernard, The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (New Haven and London, 2005), 212–13.

83. [Morison], Remedy for Sedition, sigs. Aii^v, Aiv^v—B, Biv.

84. [John Young], A Sermon Preached before the Queenes Maiestie (1576), sigs. B8^v—Ci.

85. Wright, Passions of the Minde, 114.

86. TNA: PRO SP 12/273/35.

87. [Melton], Sixe-folde Politician, 5–6, 20–2, 58.

88. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 306, fo. 242. For other versions see King James VI and I: Selected Writings, ed. Neil Rhodes, Jennifer Richards, and Joseph Marshall (Aldershot, 2003), 143–8; Alastair Bellany and Andrew McRae (eds.), ‘Early Stuart Libels,’ www.earlystuartlibels.net/spanish-match-section.

89. Robert Dallington, Aphorismes Civill and Militarie (1613), 107, 168, 211, 221.

90. Michael Wigmore, The Meteors. A Sermon (1633), sig. C3.

91. Francis Rogers, A Visitation Sermon Preached (1633), sig. C4.

92. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C. 421, fo. 27.

93. Thomas Warmstry, Pax Vobis or A Charme for Tumultuous Spirits (1641), title page, 10–11, 17, 30; Ephraim Udall, The Good of Peace and Ill of Warre (1642), 28, 29. “Tis no expedient for a vulgar eye/To stare upon superior majesty,’ trilled Fortunes Tennis-ball (1640), 2.

94. Udall, The Good of Peace and Ill of Warre, 28, 29.

95. The Several Places Where you may Hear News (1647?).

96. Richard West, The Court of Conscience (1607), sig. F.

97. John Taylor, Wit and Mirth. Chargeably collected out of tauernes, ordinaries, innes, bowling greenes, and allyes, alehouses, tobacco shops, highwayes, and water-passages (1626). See also John Taylor, Taylors Travels and Circular Perambulation . . .with an Alphabeticall Description of all the Taverne Signes (1636).

98. The Kings Maiesties Declaration to His Subiects, Concering Lawfull Sports (1633), 8.

99. TNA: PRO STAC 8/27/7.

100. Francis Mawburne, Eagle 1666: A New Almanac and Prognostication (York, 1666), in Phil Withington, ‘Public Discourse, Corporate Citizenship, and State Formation in Early Modern England,’ American Historical Review, 112 (2007), 1031. Although this citation is from a Restoration source, it applies equally to earlier eras.

101. T. F., Newes from the North, sigs. Bii^v—Biii.

102. Bentham, Societie of the Saints, 125.

103. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson A. 127, section 2.

104. TNA: PRO STAC 8/27/8.

105. Walter Rye (ed.), Depositions Taken before the Mayor and Aldermen of Norwich,1549–1567 (Norwich, 1905), 66–7.

106. I. M. W. Harvey, ‘Was there Popular Politics in Fifteenth-Century England?’ in R. H. Britnell and A. J. Pollard (eds.), The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society (Stroud and New York, 1995), 160.

107. Mum and the Sothsegger, ed. Mabel Day and Robert Steele (Early English Text Society, 199, 1936), 31.

108. Skelton, ‘Against Venomous Tongues’, in Complete Poems, ed. Henderson, 248.

109. William Roper, ‘The Life of Sir Thomas More,’ in Richard S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding (eds.), Two Early Tudor Lives (London and New Haven, 1962), 205.

110. TNA: PRO SP 12/272/35.

111. ‘Advertisements touching seditious writings,’ c.1590, TNA: PRO SP 12/235/81.

112. Charles Gibbon, Not So New, As True. Being a Verie Necessarie Caveat for All Christians (1590), sig. B^v.

113. TNA: PRO SP14/18/74.

114. By the King. A Proclamation against excesse of Lavish and Licentious Speech of matters of State (24 Dec. 1620 and 26 July 1621); James F. Larkin and Paul L. Hughes (eds.), Stuart Royal Proclamations, i. Royal Proclamations of Kings James I1603–1625 (Oxford, 1973), 495–6, 519–21.

115. [Clarendon], The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. Dunn Macray (6 vols., Oxford, 1888), i. 96.

116. Nicholas Darton, vicar of Kilsby, Northamptonshire, in 1639, TNA: PRO SP 16/437/52. Two years earlier Darton had petitioned Archbishop Laud for help against the ‘schismatical and seditious molestation’ of his parishioners, TNA: PRO SP 16/362/96.

117. The Diary of Thomas Crosfield, ed. Frederick S. Boas (Oxford, 1935), 61; TNA: PRO C 115/106, nos. 8413, 8415.

118. Richard Cust, ‘News and Politics in Early Seventeenth-Century England,’ Past & Present, 112 (1986), 60–90; Adam Fox, ‘Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England,’ Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 597–620; Ian Atherton, ‘“The Itch Grown a Disease”: Manu script Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, in Joad Raymond (ed.), News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain (1999), 39–65; Alastair Bellany, The Politics of Court Scandal in Early Modern England: News Culture and the Overbury Affair, 1603–1660 (Cambridge, 2002).

CHAPTER 2

1. Edward Reyner, Rules for the Government of the Tongue (1656), ‘To the reader,’ sig. A2^v, 5, 94.

2. William Sheppard, Action upon the Case for Slander. Or a Methodical Collection under Certain Heads, of Thousands of Cases (1662); Martin Ingram, ‘Law, Litigants and the Construction of “Honour”: Slander Suits in Early Modern England,’ in Peter Coss (ed.), The Moral World of the Law (Cambridge, 2000), 134–60.

3. TNA: PRO STAC 8/6/10 and passim.

4. Herefordshire Record Office, Quarter Sessions Recognizances and Examinations 1627–35 (1633).

5. Essex Record Office, Quarter Sessions Supplemental Papers, Q/SBa/2/43 (1641).

6. Essex Record Office, Quarter Sessions Supplemental Papers, Q/SBa/2/11 (1628).

7. Herefordshire Record Office, Quarter Sessions Recognizances and Examinations 1627–35 (1634).

8. Sandy Bardsley, Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2006), 141, and chs. 5 and 6 on scolding. See also David Underdown, ‘The Taming of the Scold: The Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England’, in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), 116–36; Martin Ingram, ‘“Scolding Women Cucked or Washed”: A Crisis in Gender Relations in Early Modern England?’ in Jennifer Kermode and Garthine Walker (eds.), Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England (1994), 48–80; Laura Gowing, ‘Gender and the Language of Insult in Early Modern London’, History Workshop, 35 (1993), 1–21; Laura Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words and Sex in Early Modern London (Oxford, 1996); Garthine Walker, ‘Expanding the Boundaries of Female Honour in Early Modern England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 6 (1996), 235–45; Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet: Women, Family and Neighbourhood in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2003).

9. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (11th edn., 4 vols., 1791), iv. 168.

10. Herefordshire Record Office, Box 17, book 67, fo. 42; Sidney A. Peyton (ed.), The Churchwardens’ Presentments in the Oxfordshire Peculiars of Dorchester, Thame and Banbury (Oxfordshire Record Society, Oxford, 1928), 292, 298.

11. Cheshire Record Office, QJF 59/2, fos. 34–5.

12. Norfolk Record Office, Quarter Sessions Rolls, C/S3/26.

13. Norfolk Record Office, Quarter Sessions Rolls, C/S3/27.

14. Leicestershire Archives, I D 41/13/61, fo. 29^v.

15. Lincolnshire Archives, Visitation Book Vj 27, fo. 82.

16. Herefordshire Record Office, BG 11/5/35.

17. East Sussex Record Office, QR/E/82.

18. TNA: PRO CHES 9/6.

19. Cambridge University Library, University Archives, VC Ct. III 17/2.

20. All Souls College, Oxford, Warden’s MS 7, passim; Oxford University Archives, Hyp/B/6 (Chancellor’s Court Depositions, 1628–39), fos. 76–84; Chancellor’s Court Papers, 1630/1. The don accused of plagiarism was the Laudian John Arnway, later a royalist polemicist.

21. British Library, Add. MS 72372, fo. 14.

22. Norfolk Record Office, Quarter Sessions Rolls, C/S3/27 (bundle 2).

23. David Cressy, Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 2000), 138–61, quotations on 156, 157.

24. Richard Bernard, The Faithfull Shepherd (1621), 32–3. See also John Dod, A Remedy Against Privat Contentions (1609), sigs. B^v, E4; Samuel Hieron, ‘Penance for Sinne’, in The Workes of Mr Sam. Hieron (2 vols., 1620; 1635 edn.), ii. 75, 137.

25. TNA: PRO C 115/106, no. 8445; Bodleian Library, MS Carte 77, fo. 397; The Knyvett Letters (1620–1644), ed. Bertram Schofield (Norfolk Record Society, 1949), 85; Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report: The Manuscripts of the Earl Cowper… Preserved at Melbourne Hall, Derbyshire (1888), app. 2, 46.

26. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, iii. 123; Ian MacLean, Interpretation and Meaning in the Renaissance: The Case of Law (Cambridge, 1992), 186–202. See also citations in notes 2 and 8 above.

27. Richard Burn, Ecclesiastical Law (3rd edn., 4 vols., 1775), ii. 115–17, 124.

28. Ralph Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People during the English Reformation,1520–1570 (Oxford, 1979); J. A. Sharpe, Defamation and Sexual Slander in Early Modern England: The Church Courts at York (York, 1980); Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570–1640 (Cambridge, 1987); Gowing, Domestic Dangers. For comparative studies of anger, abuse, and reconciliation, see J. A. Sharpe, ‘“Such Disagreement Betwyxt Neighbours”: Litigation and Human Relations in Early Modern England’, in John Bossy (ed.), Disputes and Settlements: Law and Human Relations in the West (Cambridge, 1983), 167–87; David Parkin, ‘Exchanging Words’, in Bruce Kapferer (ed.), Transaction and Meaning: Directions in the Anthropology of Exchange and Symbolic Behavior (Philadelphia, 1976), 163–90; Cheryl English Martin, ‘Popular Speech and Social Order in Northern Mexico, 1650–1830’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 32 (1990), 305–24; David Garrioch, ‘Verbal Insults in Eighteenth-Century Paris’, in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds.), The Social History of Language (Cambridge, 1987), 104–19.

29. William H. Hale (ed.), A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes . . . extracted from the Act-Books of the Ecclesiastical Courts of the Diocese of London (1847), 6, 19.

30. E. D. Stone and B. Cozens-Hardy (eds.), Norwich Consistory Court Depositions,1499–1512 and 1518–1530 (Norfolk Record Society, 10, 1938), nos. 145, 394.

31. Burn, Ecclesiastical Law, ii. 116, 117.

32. Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage, 300.

33. Borthwick Institute, York, Cause Papers Transmitted on Appeal, 1634/6; Cheshire Record Office, EDC 5 1631/69; EDC 5 1628/7.

34. Walker, ‘Expanding the Boundaries of Female Honour’.

35. Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People, 80.

36. Guildhall Library, MS 9064/15, fo. 19; MS 9064/16, fo. 206^v.

37. Burn, Ecclesiastical Law, ii. 117.

38. Stone and Cozens-Hardy (eds.), Norwich Consistory Court Depositions, nos. 54, 122, 145, 264, 269, 271, 394.

39. Hale, Precedents, 14, 27, 68, 99, 208, 245.

40. William Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, Act 2, Scene 4; Act 3, Scene 3.

41. William Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew, Act 4, Scene 1.

42. William Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV, Act 2, Scene 4.

43. William Shakespeare, The Comedy of Errors, Act 4, Scene 4.

44. William Shakespeare, King Lear, Act 1, Scene 4; Act 2, Scene 2.

45. William Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, Act 4, Scene 3.

46. Sheppard, Action upon the Case for Slander; R. H. Helmholz (ed.), Select Caseson Defamation to 1600 (Selden Society, 101, 1985), passim.

47. Burn, Ecclesiastical Law, ii. 115; Robert Shoemaker, ‘The Decline of Public Insult in London 1660–1800’, Past & Present, 169 (2000), 97–131.

48. Helmholz (ed.), Select Cases on Defamation, c (n. 2), 18, 68, 80, 89.

49. Ferdinando Pulton, De Pace Regis et Regni, viz. A Treatise declaring which be the great and generall Offences of the Realme (1610), fo.^v.

50. Essex Record Office, Q/SR 182/43.

51. John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593–1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (1894), 104.

52. John Lister (ed.), West Riding Sessions Records. Vol. II. Orders, 1611–1642. Indictments, 1637–1642 (Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 53, 1915), 60.

53. Lister (ed.), West Riding Sessions Records. Vol. II, 159–60.

54. Hampshire Record Office, Q1/2, 45.

55. Herefordshire Record Office, Quarter Sessions Recognizances and Examinations 1627–35.

56. Common Council Ordinances at Cambridge, 1608, cited in Phil Withington, ‘Public Discourse, Corporate Citizenship, and State Formation in Early Modern England’, American Historical Review, 112 (2007), 1030.

57. Christopher A. Markham and J. Charles Cox (eds.), The Records of the Borough of Northampton (2 vols., Northampton, 1898), ii., 20. Suffolk Record Office, General Court Minute Book, 1609–43, C/2/2/3/2, fo. 315.

58. Samuel Crooke, The Ministeriall Husbandry and Building (1615), epistle dedicatory; Charles Richardson, A Workeman That Needeth Not to be Ashamed: Or the Faithfull Steward of Gods House (1616), 39; William Attersoll, A Commentarie Vpon the Epistle of Saint Paul to Philemon (1612), 34; George Downame, Two Sermons, The One Commending the Ministerie in Generall: The Other Defending the Office of Bishops (1608), 30, 40, 65–6. Insisting on ‘the burden and honour’ as well as ‘the duty and dignity’ of the ministry, Downame set forth his view of the clerical calling: ‘to instruct the ignorant, to reduce the erroneous, to heal the diseased, to seek the lost, to admonish the disorderly, to comfort the distressed, to support the weak, to be patient towards all,’ as well as to preach and to read. Not surprisingly, he added, ‘to abuse the ministers by word or deed, is a sin highly displeasing unto God, and grievously provoking his anger’ (ibid., 8, 11, 16–17, 68). See also Bernard, Faithfull Shepherd, 1, on ‘the high calling of the ministry,’ and Stephen Egerton, The Boring of the Ear (1623), 20, for the claim that ‘the contempt of any true minister is the contempt of God himself’; William Hardwick, Conformity with Piety, Requisitein Gods Service (1638), 8, for the view that God saw the clergy as ‘his ambassadors, and as shining stars, yea, as angels’.

59. Lincolnshire Archives, Court Papers, Box 61/1, 19, 49; Buckinghamshire Record Office, D/A/V4, fo. 53^v; Norfolk Record Office, DN/VIS/7/1; Borthwick Institute, York, Visitation Court Book 11, 1636, fo. 65.

60. Cressy, Travesties and Transgressions, 138–42, 148.

61. Staffordshire Record Office, Bridgeman Correspondence, D1287/18/2/4.

62. Thomas G. Barnes (ed.), Somerset Assize Orders 1629–1640 (Somerset Record Society, 65, 1959), 49.

63. Robert Horn, The Christian Gouernour, in the Common-wealth, and Priuate Families (1614), sig. A2^v.

64. Paul Lathom, The Power of Kings from God (1683), 5–6.

65. Thomas Hurste, The Descent of Authoritie: or, The Magistrates Patent from Heaven (1637), 1, 3, 15.

66. Statute of Gloucester, 1378, 2 Richard II, c. 5, repeated in 12 Richard II, c. 11 in 1388; Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, iii. 123; John C. Lassiter, ‘Defamation of Peers: The Rise and Decline of the Action for Scandalum Magnatum, 1497–1773’, American Journal of Legal History, 22 (1978), 216–36.

67. Acts of the Privy Council 1575–1577, 292.

68. The Reports of Sir Edward Coke (1658), 227–8.

69. Huntington Library, Ellesmere MSS 2739, 2740.

70. Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 357.

71. John Stubbs, The Discouerie of a Gaping Gulf Whereinto England is like to be Swallowed by Another French Mariage (1579); David Cressy, ‘Book Burning in Tudor and Stuart England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 36 (2005), 365.

72. Somerset Record Office, DD/PH 288/26.

73. TNA: PRO C 115/106, no. 8437; Bodleian Library, MS Carte 77, fo. 368v.

74. House of Lords Record Office, Main Papers, HL/PO/JO/10/1/35, 27 May 1628. See also ibid., 30 May 1628, for another case of ‘dangerous speeches’ reported to the upper chamber.

75. John Andrews, DD, to Archbishop Laud, 13 June 1636, CSPD 1635–6, 556–7; TNA: PRO SP 16/326/18.

76. George Squibb, The High Court of Chivalry: A Study of the Civil Law in England (Oxford, 1959); Richard Cust and Andrew Hopper (eds.), Cases in the High Court of Chivalry 1634–1640 (Harleian Society, NS18, 2006).

77. University of Birmingham, Calendar of the Court of Chivalry, 1634–1640, www.court-of-chivalry.bham.ac.uk/index.htm, no. 21 Badd v. Rigges, no. 557 Rigges v. Badd, and no. 167 Dorset v. Rigges.

78. Lassiter, ‘Defamation of Peers,’ 219–29; The Entering Book of Roger Morrice, ed. Mark Goldie et al. (6 vols., Woodbridge, 2007), ii. ‘The Reign of Charles II,’ ed. John Spurr, 298, 318, 334, 474–5.

79. Anchitell Grey (ed.), Grey’s Debates of the House of Commons, ix (1769), 172–3 (debates on 20 Mar. 1689).

80. Lassiter, ‘Defamation of Peers’, 233.

81. William Vaughan, The Arraignment of Slander (1630), 172–3.

82. John Cowell, The Interpreter (1672), sub. ‘libel’; Pulton, De Pace Regis et Regni, fos. 1^v—2; John March, The Second Part of Actions for Slanders (1649), 15–21; Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice (5th edn., 1635), 190; William Hudson, ‘A Treatise of the Court of Star-Chamber’, in Francis Hargrave (ed.), Collectanea Juridica (2 vols., 1791–2), ii. 100. For the Jacobean case ‘de libellis famosi, or of scandalous libels’, see [Coke], The Reports of Sir Edward Coke (13 parts in 7 vols., 1738), vol. iii, pt. 5, pp. 125–6, and Hawarde, Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 222–30.

83. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Western Circuit Assize Orders 1629–1648: A Calendar (Camden Society, 4th ser., 17, 1976), 168.

84. Adam Fox, ‘Ballads, Libels and Popular Ridicule in Jacobean England’, Past &Present, 145 (1994), 47–83; Pauline Croft, ‘Libels, Popular Literacy and Public Opinion in Early Modern England’, Historical Research, 68 (1995), 266–85; Alastair Bellany, ‘Libels in Action: Ritual, Subversion and the English Literary Underground, 1603–42’, in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850 (Basingstoke and New York, 2001), 99–124; Andrew McRae, Literature, Satire, and the Early Stuart State (Cambridge, 2004).

85. March, Second Part of Actions for Slanders, 15–21.

86. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Tudor Royal Proclamations, ii. The Later Tudors (1553–1587) (New Haven and London, 1969), 400.

87. TNA: PRO SP 12/273/35; CSPD 1601–1603, 347–51.

88. TNA: PRO SP 12/273/35.

89. TNA: PRO SP 12/273/35.

90. Hawarde, Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 372.

91. ‘Advertisements touching seditious writings,’ c. 1590, TNA: PRO SP 12/235/81.

92. TNA: PRO C 115/196, no. 8438.

93. Alastair Bellany, ‘“Raylinge Rymes and Vaunting Verse”: Libellous Politics in Early Stuart England’, in Kevin Sharpe and Peter Lake (eds.), Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Stanford, 1993), 285–310, 367–71; Fox, ‘Ballads, Libels and Popular Ridicule’, 47–83; Croft, ‘Libels, Popular Literacy, and Public Opinion’, 266–85; Tom Cogswell, ‘Underground Verse and the Transformation of Early Stuart Political Culture’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 60 (1997), 303–26; Andrew McRae, ‘The Literary Culture of Early Stuart Libelling’, Modern Philology, 97 (2000), 364–92; McRae, Literature, Satire and the Early Stuart State.

94. Acts of the Privy Council 1571–1575, 387.

95. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/71/69, from Essex Assize files, 18 July 1602.

96. TNA: PRO STAC 8/27/7.

97. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson A. 128, fo. 15^v— 16^v.

98. British Library, Lansdowne MS 620, fos. 50–1. I am grateful to Alastair Bellany for directing me to this source.

99. Henry Ellis, Original Letters Illustrative of English History (2nd edn., 3 vols, 1825), iii. 252; Thomas Birch (ed.), The Court and Times of Charles the First (2 vols., 1848), i. 368.

100. TNA: PRO SP 16/142/92.

101. Bodleian Library, MS Carte 77, fo. 404^v.

102. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 5^v.

103. David Cressy, England on Edge: Crisis and Revolution 1640–1642 (Oxford, 2006), 330–46.

104. Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report, 305, 310; CSPD 1641–3, 273.

105. Diary of John Rous . . . 1625 to 1642, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (Camden Society, 66, 1856), 30, 109.

106. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry . . . at Montagu House (1899), 291.

107. Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV, Prologue.

108. Statute of Westminster, 1275, 3 Edward I, c. 34, Statutes of the Realm (10 vols., 1810–28), i. 35.

109. Sir James Dyer, Reports of Cases in the Reigns of Hen. VIII. Edw. VI. Q. Mary, and Q. Eliz. (3 vols, 1794), ii. 155a.

110. 26 Hen. VIII, c. 13, Statutes of the Realm, iii. 508–9; John Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction (1979), 31–2; G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, 1972), 264–87.

111. Statutes of the Realm, 1 and 2 Phil. and Mary, c. 3, 15 54–5; Journals of the House of Commons, i. 1547–1629 (1802), 37–8.

112. Statutes of the Realm, 1 Eliz., c. 6;Journals of the House of Commons, i. 54, 57–8; Sir Simonds D’Ewes (ed.), The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1682), 19, 25, 51.

113. Ethan Shagan, ‘Rumours and Popular Politics in the Reign of Henry VIII’, in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850 (Basingstoke and New York, 2001), 30–66; Adam Fox, ‘Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), 597–620.

CHAPTER 3

1. William Lambarde, Eirenarcha: or of the Office of the Iustices of Peace (15 81; 1610 edn.), 226; William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (11th edn., 4 vols., 1791), iv. 75.

2. Thomas Norton, ‘A warning agaynst the dangerous practises of Papistes, and specially the parteners of the late rebellion’, in All such treatises as have been lately published by Thomas Norton (1570), sigs. Ci, Ci(v). Treason in ancient Rome was ‘maiestas minuta populi Romani’, the diminution of the majesty of the Roman people, and this was well known to Tudor statesmen. See R. A. Bauman, The Crimen Maiestatis in the Roman Republic (1970).

3. The Proceedings at the Sessions House. . . Against Anthony Earl of Shaftsbury

4. William Perkins, A Direction for the Government of the Tongue according to Gods Word (1593; 1638 edn.), 13.

5. The Description of England by William Harrison, ed. Georges Edelen (Ithaca, NY, 1968), 187; Sir Francis Bacon, Cases of Treason (1641), 4, 6; J. A. Sharpe, Judicial Punishment in England (1990), 27. The London merchant Richard Hilles described in 1541 how traitors were ‘dealt with in the usual manner, first hung, then cut down from the gallows while yet alive, then drawn, beheaded, and quartered, and their limbs fixed over the gates of the city’ (Hastings Robinson (ed.), Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation . . . Chiefly from the Archives of Zurich (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846), 209).

6. Joel Samaha, Law and Order in Historical Perspective: The Case of Elizabethan Essex (New York and London, 1974), 63, 118; Sharpe, Judicial Punishment, 29.

7. 25 Edward III, statute 5, c. 2, Statutes of the Realm (10 vols., 1810–28), i. 319–20; J. G. Bellamy, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1970).

8. W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (rev. edn., 17 vols., Boston, 1922–72), viii. 309.

9. Ferdinando Pulton, De Pace Regis et Regni, viz. A Treatise declaring which be the great and generall Offences of the Realme (1610), fos. 106^v, 108; Holdsworth, History of English Law, iii. 293; Sir Edward Coke, The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England (1644), 1–19. See also Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice (5th edn., 1635), 223–6; Bacon, Cases of Treason, 1; Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1736), i. 83–9, 107–15; Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, iv. 74–96.

10. Penry Williams, The Tudor Regime (Oxford, 1979), 390; Roger B. Manning, ‘The Origins of the Doctrine of Sedition’, Albion, 12 (1980), 99–121.

11. Thomas Blount, Glossographia: or A Dictionary, Interpreting all such Hard Words (1656), sub. ‘seditious’; Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae, i. 77–8; Holdsworth, History of English Law, vi. 266; William Vaughan, The Arraignment of Slander (1630), 165; TNA: PRO HO 144/9486.

12. Cambridge University Library, MS Mm. 6. 63/4, fo. 7.

13. Daniel Greenberg and Alexandra Millbrook (eds.), Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases (6th edn., 2000), 2393; Peter Murphy (ed.), Blackstone’s Criminal Practice (Oxford, 2007), 891. I am grateful to Sir Jeremy Lever, QC, for discussion of this point.

14. Manning, ‘Origins of the Doctrine of Sedition’, 99–121.

15. John Bale’s King Johan, ed. Barry B. Adams (San Marino, CA, 1969), 75–6.

16. TNA: PRO SP 12/44/52.

17. John Bullokar, An English Exposition: Teaching the Interpretation of the Hardest Words Used in Our Language (1616), sub ‘scandall’; John March, Actions for Slander (1655), 11, 23, 136; Richard Crompton, Star-Chamber Cases, Shewing What Causes Properly Belong to the Cognizance of that Court (1630), 25–36.

18. The Reports of Sir Edward Coke (1658), 227–8.

19. ‘Advertisements touching seditious writings’, c. 1590, TNA: PRO SP 12/235/81.

20. William Lambarde, Eirenarcha: or of the Office of the Iustices of Peace (15 81), 285–6.

21. TNA: PRO SP 12/118/27.

22. Acts of the Privy Council 1591, 323, 346.

23. CSPD… Addenda 1566–1579 (1871), 464. These were almost word for word the same as instructions to the Council in the North in 1549, CSPD1601–1603, with Addenda 1547–1565, 399.

24. TNA: PRO SP 12/99/53.

25. Pulton, De Pace Regis et Regni, fo. 2^v.

26. John Pory to Joseph Mead, 3 June 1625, in Thomas Birch (ed.), The Court and Times of Charles the First (2 vols., 1848), i. 27. See, however, the case of William Pickering, who in 1638 was recommended to have his tongue bored with an awl; see below, Chapter 7.

27. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 3.

28. Bodleian Library, MS Carte 63, fo. 36^v.

29. Henry VI complained to the mayor of Coventry about men who had used ‘right unfittyng langage ayenst oure estate and personne’ (Mary Dormer Harris (ed.), The Coventry Leet Book . . . 1420–1555 (Early English Text Society, 134, 1907), 309).

30. I. M. W. Harvey, ‘Was There Popular Politics in Fifteenth-Century England?’ in R. H. Britnell and A. J. Pollard (eds.), The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society (Stroud and New York, 1995), 155–74; Simon Walker, ‘Rumour, Sedition and Popular Protest in the Reign of Henry IV’, Past & Present, 166 (2000), 31–65; Sandy Bardsley, Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2006), 31.

31. Isobel D. Thornley, ‘Treason by Words in the Fifteenth Century’, English Historical Review, 32 (1917), 556–7.

32. R. F. Hunnisett, ‘Treason by Words’, Sussex Notes and Queries, 14 (1954–7), 117–19.

33. The Brut or The Chronciles of England. . . Part II, ed. Friedrich W. D. Brie (Early English Text Society, 136, 1908), 480–4; Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London (Camden Society, 53, 1852), 15; The Reports of Sir George Croke Knight. . . Revised, and Published in English by Sir Harebotle Grimston (1657), 83–9; T. B. Howell (ed.), A Complete Collection of State Trials (21 vols., 1816), iii. 359–67.

34. C. A. F. Meekings, ‘Thomas Kerver’s Case, 1444’, English Historical Review, 90 (1975), 331–46, quotations at 332, 338; Bertram Wolffe, Henry VI (1981), 16–18, 138; Ecclesiastes 10:16.

35. I. M. W. Harvey, Jack Cade’s Rebellion of 1450 (Oxford, 1991), 31–2; Wolffe, Henry VI, 16–18.

36. Harvey, ‘Was There Popular Politics in Fifteenth-Century England?’, 160.

37. Hunnisett, ‘Treason by Words’, 119–20.

38. Bellamy, Law of Treason . . . in the Later Middle Ages, 107, 116–22; E. Kay Harris, ‘Censoring Disobedient Subjects: Narratives of Treason and Royal Authority in Fifteenth-Century England’, in Douglas L. Biggs, Sharon D. Michalove, and A. Compton Reeves (eds.), Reputation and Representation in Fifteenth-Century Europe (Leiden and Boston, 2004), 211–33; Christopher Randall Duggan, ‘The Advent of Political Thought-Control in England: Seditious and Treasonable Speech 1485–1547’ (Northwestern University Ph.D. dissertation, 1993).

39. Samuel Rezneck, ‘Constructive Treason by Words in the Fifteenth Century’, American Historical Review, 33 (1928), 544–52, quotations at 548n. and 551.

40. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 99, 278, 280. This study of the records of King’s Bench finds just twenty-seven cases of seditious speech between 1485 and 1509.

41. Ian Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy 1491–1499 (Stroud, 1994), 167.

42. Sir Francis Bacon, The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh, ed. F. J. Levy (Indianapolis and New York, 1972), 166–9.

43. British Library, Lansdowne MS 620, fo. 50^v. In 1539 a monk named Nicholas Balam was charged with denying the royal supremacy but seems to have escaped execution (G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, 1972), 341). Richard son may have been using the lawyer’s trick of citing a precedent without having done his research.

44. Cited in J. P. D. Cooper, Propaganda and the Tudor State: Political Culture in the Westcountry (Oxford, 2003), 95.

45. TNA: PRO SP 1/14, fo. 173; Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. J. S. Brewer et al. (23 vols.; 1862–1932), vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 871; Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 98.

46. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. iii, pt. 1, p. 522.

47. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 72, 291, citing TNA: PRO KB 9/487, KB 27/1045.

48. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1295.

49. Statutes of the Realm, iii. 471, 508; John Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction (1979), 31–2; Elton, Policy and Police, 264–87.

50. Elton, Policy and Police, 11; Sharon L. Jansen, Dangerous Talk and Strange Behavior: Women and Popular Resistance to the Reforms of Henry VIII (New York, 1996), 77, 181n.; Cooper, Propaganda and the Tudor State, 90; Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason, 14.

51. Letters and Papers. . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xii, pt 1, p. 398; vol. xii, pt. 2, 376.

52. Robinson (ed.), Original Letters . . .from the Archives of Zurich, 211.

53. Edward Hall, quoted in G. W. Bernard, The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (New Haven and London, 2005), 212.

54. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 36.

55. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 266.

56. Elton, Policy and Police, 387, 391, counts 63 executions in central government records. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 156, 186–7, using King’s Bench as well as State Papers, finds c.550 cases of seditious or treason able words between 1533 and 1547 and at least no executions.

57. Elton, Policy and Police, 100, 123–4.

58. Elton, Policy and Police, n; Jansen, Dangerous Talk, 89–90.

59. Elton, Policy and Police, 137; Jansen, Dangerous Talk, 88–9. Cf Andy Wood, ‘The Queen is “a Goggyll Eyed Hoore”: Gender and Seditious Speech in Early Modern England’, in Nicholas Tyacke (ed.), The English Revolution c.1590–1720: Politics, Religion and Communities (2007), 81–94.

60. Diane Watt, ‘Reconstructing the Word: The Political Prophecies of Elizabeth Barton (1506–1534)’, Renaissance Quarterly, 50 (1997), 136–63; Tim Thornton, Prophecy, Politics and the People in Early Modern England (Woodbridge, 2006).

61. Elton, Policy and Police, 6, 71–4; Ethan Shagan, ‘Rumours and Popular Politics in the Reign of Henry VIII’, in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c.1500–1850 (Basingstoke and New York, 2001), 43–4.

62. Elton, Policy and Police, 10, 72.

63. Elton, Policy and Police, 9, 368; Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, pp. 32–3.

64. Elton, Policy and Police, 148–50; Jansen, Dangerous Talk, 81–2.

65. Elton, Policy and Police, 299.

66. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 427.

67. TNA: PRO E 111/10; Letters and Papers. . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xii, pt. 2, pp. 288, 320–1.

68. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xii, pt. 2, p. 376. This may have been a malicious prosecution, for some witnesses claimed never to have heard the incriminating words.

69. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, pp. 23, 54.

70. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 470; Shagan, ‘Rumours and Popular Politics’, 51–2.

71. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, pp. 341, 423.

72. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 221.

73. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 309, citing TNA: PRO KB 9/542/3.

74. Letters and Papers. . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 78; Shagan, ‘Rumours and Popular Politics’, 43–4.

75. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 276.

76. Letters and Papers . . . of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer et al., vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 352.

77. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 311, citing TNA: PRO KB 9/542/3^v.

78. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 323, citing TNA: PRO KB 9/550/142.

79. Duggan, ‘Advent of Political Thought-Control’, 326, citing TNA: PRO KB 9/558/106; also cited in Cooper, Propaganda and the Tudor State, 95.

80. Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 18.

81. Sir John Cheke, The True Subiect to the Rebell. Or the Hurt of Sedition, how Greivous it is to a Common-wealth (written 1549; 1641 edn.), 15.

82. Walter Rye (ed.), Depositions Taken before the Mayor and Aldermen of Norwich,1549–1567 (Norwich, 1905), 18, 20, 22, 25.

83. C. S. Knighton (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series of the Reign of Edward VI1547–1553 (1992), 134.

84. Acts of the Privy Council 1552–1554, 125.

85. British Library, MS Harley 353, fos. 121–3.

86. Acts of the Privy Council 1550–1552, 293, 295, 465; Acts of the Privy Council1552–1554, 110, 278.

87. Acts of the Privy Council 1547–1550, 385.

88. Acts of the Privy Council 1550–1552, 285.

89. Acts of the Privy Council 1552–1554, 46.

90. Acts of the Privy Council 1552–1554, 274.

91. Acts of the Privy Council 1550–1552, 97.

92. Acts of the Privy Council 1552–1554, 110.

93. Acts of the Privy Council 1552–1554, 211.

94. 1 Mary, St. 1. c. 1, ‘An Acte Repealing Certayne Treasons’, Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 197.

95. 1 and 2 Phil. and Mary, c. 3, 1554–5, ‘An Acte Against Sedityous Woordes and Rumours’, Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 240; Journals of the House of Commons, i. 1547–1629 (1802), 37–8.

96. 1 and 2 Phil. and Mary, c. 9 and 10, Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, pp. 254–5; Journals of the House of Commons, i. 41–2; G. R. Elton, England under the Tudors (1956), 219; Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason, 46.

97. Acts of the Privy Council 1552–1554, 363.

98. Acts of the Privy Council 1554–1556, n.

99. Acts of the Privy Council 1554–1556, 50, 71, 73.

100. Acts of the Privy Council 1554–1556, 27.

101. Sir James Dyer, Reports of Cases in the Reigns of Hen. VIII. Edw. VI. Q. Mary, and Q. Eliz. (3 vols, 1794), ii. 155a; Vaughan, Arraignment of Slander, 158.

102. The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, From A.D. 1550 to a.d. 1563, ed. John Gough Nichols (Camden Society, 1848), 69, 71, 150, 154, 164.

103. John Foxe, Acts and Monuments (1583 edn.), 1993.

104. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, 2048.

105. Rye (ed.), Depositions Taken before the Mayor and Aldermen of Norwich, 56–7.

106. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. I. . .from 3Edward VI to the end of the Reign of Elizabeth (Clerkenwell, 1886), 23; Acts of the Privy Council 1554–1556, 143.

107. Acts of the Privy Council 1554–1556, 290.

108. Acts of the Privy Council 1554–1556, 265.

109. C. S. Knighton (ed.), Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series of the Reign of Mary I, 1553–1558 (1998), 314, 318.

CHAPTER 4

1. TNA: PRO SP 12/273/35.

2. For suggestive glimpses of this current, see Joel Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records: Sedition amongst the “Inarticulate” in Elizabethan Essex’, Journal of Social History, 8 (1975), 61–79; Carole Levin, ‘“We shall never have a merry world while the Queene lyveth”: Gender, Monarchy, and the Power of Seditious Words’, in Julia M. Walker (ed.), Dissing Elizabeth: Negative Representations of Gloriana (Durham, NC, 1998), 77–95; Natalie Mears, Queenship and Political Discourse in the Elizabethan Realms (Cambridge, 2005), 217–46; Kevin Sharpe, ‘Sacralization and Demystification: The Publicization of Monarchy in Early Modern England’, in Jeroen Deploige and Gita Deneckere (eds.), Mystifying the Monarch: Studieson Discourse, Power and History (Amsterdam, 2006), 99–115, esp. 104–6.

3. TNA: PRO SP 12/15/39.

4. Acts of the Privy Council 1558–1570, 31, 71, 308–9; Acts of the Privy Council1571–1575, 147, 276, 280, 283, 354, 365; Acts of the Privy Council 1575–1577, 76–7, 252, 300, 336, etc.

5. 1 Eliz., c. 5 and 6, Statutes of the Realm (10 vols. 1810–28), vol. iv, pt. 1, pp. 365–7; Journals of the House of Commons, i. 1547–1629 (1802), 54, 57–8; Sir Simonds D’Ewes (ed.), The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1682), 19, 25, 51.

6. TNA: PRO SP 15/18/76.

7. 13 Eliz. I, c. 1, Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, 527.

8. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Tudor Royal Proclamations, ii. The Later Tudors (1553–1587) (New Haven and London, 1969), 329. For the culture of communications in the late 1560s, see K. J. Kesselring, ‘“A Cold Pye for the Papistes”: Constructing and Containing the Northern Rising of 1569’, Journal of British Studies, 43 (2004), 417–43.

9. Hughes and Larkin (eds.), Tudor Royal Proclamations, ii. 400; Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Tudor Royal Proclamations, iii. The Later Tudors(1588–1603) (London and New Haven, 1969), 233.

10. 23 Eliz., c. 2, Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 659. In debate the Commons preferred the phrase ‘intending the slander and dishonour of the queen’s majesty’, to the Lords’ ‘tending to the slander and dishonour’ (T. E. Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I, i. 1558–1581 (Leicester, 1981), 530–1, 544–5). See also D’Ewes (ed.), Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, 270, 290, 303; Journals of the House of Commons, i. 120–1, 133–5.

11. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/28/31, transcript of TNA: PRO ASS 35/19/4/31.

12. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Home Circuit Indictments. Elizabeth I and James I: Introduction (1985), 137.

13. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Hertfordshire Indictments. Elizabeth I (1975), 48.

14. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I (1979), 335–6.

15. 1 Eliz., c. 5, section 10; 13 Eliz., c. 1, section 9; 23 Eliz., c. 2, section 13: Statutes of the Realm, vol. iv, pt. 1, pp. 366, 528, 661.

16. Acts of the Privy Council 1591–1592, 317; Acts of the Privy Council 1590–1591, 94, 174–5, 359; Acts of the Privy Council 1591, 359.

17. Acts of the Privy Council 1581–1582, 417–18.

18. Acts of the Privy Council 1577–1578, 404–5; Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 6–7; Acts of the Privy Council 1591, 360.

19. Acts of the Privy Council 1575–1577, 76–7; Acts of the Privy Council 1577–1578, 407–8.

20. Acts of the Privy Council 1591, 323.

21. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Home Circuit Indictments. Elizabeth I and James I, 23; Acts of the Privy Council 1575–1577, 241, 246, 252.

22. William Lambarde, Eirenarcha: or of the Office of the Iustices of Peace (1581), 197, 285–6, 492; J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I (1978), 195; Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 393.

23. Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice (5th edn., 1635), 191.

24. Richard Burn, The Justice of the Peace, and Parish Officer (18th edn., 4 vols., 1797), iv. 400, sub. ‘treason’.

25. John Rade to Thomas Hendley, 16 Dec. 1594, Staffordshire Record Office, D593/S4/36/15. On Rade’s report his neighbour Thomas Delman was detained in prison. Among ‘speeches of many matters’, Delman ‘hoped before Candlemas next coming to see the rich churls plucked out of their houses by the ears’.

26. Acts of the Privy Council 1586–1587, 277.

27. Acts of the Privy Council 1591, 323–4, 346.

28. TNA: PRO SP 12/44/52.

29. John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593–1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (1894), 114. They were each fined £200, but being gentlemen were spared the humiliation of pillorying and disfigurement.

30. Acts of the Privy Council 1571–1575, 365.

31. Acts of the Privy Council 1577–1578, 234, 262.

32. Acts of the Privy Council 1577–1578, 404, 421–2.

33. Acts of the Privy Council 1580–1581, 328.

34. TNA: PRO SP 12/256/53.

35. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/30/7, transcript of NA ASS 35/30/5A/7; F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder (Chelmsford, 1970), 40–1; Cock-burn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 175; Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 194, 214–15, 371.

36. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 294.

37. Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 108; Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 191.

38. TNA: PRO SP 12/12/51.

39. Richard Newcourt, Repertorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense (2 vols., 1710), ii. 118; Brett Usher, ‘Essex Evangelicals under Edward VI’, in David Loades (ed.),John Foxe at Home and Abroad (Aldershot and Burlington, 2004), 56.

40. TNA: PRO SP 12/13/21.

41. TNA: PRO SP 12/27/25; CSPD 1547–1580, 217; CSPD 1601–1603 with Addenda 1547–1565, 534.

42. TNA: PRO SP 12/73/72. Nowell, a Marian exile and a friend to puritans, may have been under attack from more conservative members of the cathedral community.

43. Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 405; Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 195; Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records’, 68.

44. TNA: PRO SP 12/148/34.

45. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I (1980), 276.

46. TNA: PRO SP 12/190/56.

47. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 290.

48. CSPD… Addenda 1580–1625, 256. I am grateful to Geoffrey Parker for discussion of Arthur Dudley’s career in Spain.

49. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 355. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/53/48, transcript of ASSI 35/32/2/48.

50. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 355.

51. TNA: PRO SP 16/118/56.

52. CSPD 1675–1676, 547.

53. TNA: PRO SP 12/269/22, SP 12/270/105.

54. TNA: PRO SP 12/269/22, SP 12/270/105.

55. CSPD 1601–1603, 23–4; TNA: PRO SP 12/279/48.

56. CSPD . . . Addenda 1580–1625, 278, 280.

57. CSPD . . . Addenda 1566–1579, 363.

58. CSPD. . . Addenda 1580–1625, 54.

59. CSPD 1601–1603, 146, 170, 190.

60. CSPD Ireland, 1588–92, 142–3, 273, 336, 408, 432, 439, 440; CSPD 1601–1603, 146, 190; TNA: PRO SP 12/284/14.

61. Hiram Morgan, ‘“Never any realm worse governed”: Queen Elizabeth and Ireland’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 14 (2004), 302. Cf. Roger Turvey, ‘Sir John Perrot (1528–1592)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, citing Bodleian Library MS Willis 58 and MS Tanner 299.

62. TNA: PRO SP 12/3/50.

63. CSPD… Addenda 1566–1579, 521; TNA: PRO SP 15/25/47.

64. TNA: PRO SP 12/118/27.

65. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. I. . .from 3 Edward VI to the end of the Reign of Elizabeth (Clerkenwell, 1886), 147.

66. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 203; Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records’, 68.

67. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, 53–4.

68. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 246.

69. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. I, 203. The sailors’ names were Balzathar Burrowmaster and Harmon Myne.

70. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. I, 283.

71. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. I, 284. See also the case of the London gardener Richard Maidley, who in 1600 referred to the queen as ‘a whore’ (Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 494).

72. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/28/31, transcript of TNA: PRO ASS 35/19/4/31. See later in this chapter for Mary Cleere’s treason and execution.

73. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 282.

74. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 339; Essex Record Office T/A 418/51/42, transcript of ASSI 35/31/2/42; Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records’, 69. See later in this chapter for Wenden’s other crimes.

75. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 345.

76. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 373; Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records’, 69.

77. CSPD 1601–1603, 224–5; TNA: PRO SP 12/284/80.

78. CSPD 1601–1603, 225; TNA: PRO SP 12/284/80.

79. CSPD 1601–1603, 231; TNA: PRO SP 12/284/91.

80. CSPD 1601–1603 and Addenda 1547–1565, 525; TNA: PRO SP 15/11/46.

81. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 77.

82. Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records’, 69.

83. TNA: PRO SP 12/99/53.

84. Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 75.

85. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, 55–6.

86. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 336.

87. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. I, 195.

88. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 402.

89. TNA: PRO SP 12/246/49, SP 12/247/73, 74, 75.

90. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 7.

91. Essex Record Office, Q/SR 50/10, 12, 18, and 30; Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, 44–5.

92. Essex Record Office T/A 418/30/35 transcript of ASSI 35/20/5B/28; T/A 418/30/20, transcript of ASSI 35/20/5A/20.

93. Acts of the Privy Council 1578–1580, 132, 158.

94. East Sussex Record Office, Grantham papers, SAS-WG/873; Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, 52–3.

95. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 440.

96. William Averell, A Mervailous Combat of Contrarieties (1588), sig. D2^v.

97. Essex Record Office, Q/SR 65/61.

98. Essex Record Office T/A 418/35/36, transcript of ASSI 35/23/H/36. Charles Neville, 6th earl of Westmorland (1542–1601), fled into exile after the failure of the 1569 Northern Rebellion. A Spanish pensioner and inveterate intriguer, he served in the 1580s as colonel of an English Catholic regiment in the Spanish Netherlands. David Brown evidently knew, or believed, that ‘the king of Spain hath given him a great dukedom for his good service’.

99. Acts of the Privy Council 1581–1582, 180–1.

100. CSPD. . . Addenda 1580–1625, 63; TNA: PRO SP 15/27/93.

101. John Strype, Brief Annals of the Church and State Under the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (4 vols., 1725–31), iv. 16. The bishop of Hereford, who reported this to Burghley, noted the possibility that Weir had been charged out of malice.

102. TNA: PRO SP 12/256/54.

103. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 404.

104. On the late Elizabethan succession debate see [William Allen, Francis Englefield, and Robert Parsons], A Conference about the next succession to the crowne of Ingland (Antwerp, 1595); Peter Wentworth, A Pithy Exhortation to her Maiestie for establishing her successor (Edinburgh, 1598); Jean-Christophe Mayer (ed.), The Struggle for the Succession in Late Elizabethan England: Politics, Polemics and Cultural Representations (Montpellier, 2004).

105. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/28/31, transcript of TNA: PRO ASSI 35/19/4/31; Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, 40, 50–2; Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records’, 68.

106. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 262.

107. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 496.

108. CSPD 1601–1603, 23.

109. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/56/43, transcript of TNA: PRO ASSI 35/34/2/43. Binks had previously been charged with upholding the mass and rejoicing in the name of papist (Essex Record Office, Q/SR 64/45 (Michaelmas 1577)).

110. TNA: PRO SP 12/259/21, SP 12/259/16. I am grateful to Paul Hammer and Glyn Parry for insights into this affair. For correspondence in 1600 questioning Beauchamp’s fitness to be king, see CSPD. . . Addenda 1580–1625, 406.

111. TNA: PRO SP 12/259/16.

112. Essex Record Office, Q/SR 140/171.

113. CSPD. . . Addenda 1580–1625, 400.

114. See Chapter 5.

115. For Binks, see above, n. 109.

116. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 272. Slater made his remarks while visiting Pleshey, Essex.

117. For Feltwell, see above, n. 76, and Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 373.

118. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I, 416; Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Disorder, 58–9.

119. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments. Elizabeth I, 406.

120. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Herfordshire Indictments. Elizabeth I, 118.

121. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I, 393.

122. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Home Circuit Indictments. Elizabeth I and James I: Introduction, 137.

123. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Hertfordshire Indictments. Elizabeth I, 129.

CHAPTER 5

1. TNA: PRO SP 14/18/69, 73.

2. John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593–1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (1894), 188.

3. Hawarde, Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 372.

4. John Shirley, The Life of the Valiant & Learned Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight with his Tryal at Winchester (1677), 85.

5. Edward Coke, The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England (1644), 12, 14. For commentary on Coke, see William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1716–21), i. 38–41; Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1736), i. 117; W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (rev. edn., 17 vols., Boston, 1922–72), viii. 312.

6. Reliable studies of the reign of King James include Maurice Lee, Jr., Great Britain’s Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms (Urbana and Chicago, 1990); Roger Lockyer, James VI and I (1998); Pauline Croft, King James (Basingstoke and New York, 2003); and Alastair Bellany, The Politics of Court Scandal in Early Modern England: News Culture and the Overbury Affair,1603–1660 (Cambridge, 2002). See also Ian Atherton and David Como, ‘The Burning of Edward Wightman: Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England’, English Historical Review, 120 (2005), 1215–50.

7. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Sussex Indictments. James I (1975), 1.

8. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Her fordshire Indictments. James I (1980), 4–5.

9. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. James I (1980), 5.

10. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. James I, 7.

11. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. James I, 4, 10.

12. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/72/46, transcript of ASSI 35/45/2/46.

13. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. James I (1982), 3. William Bird, vicar of Great Chishall, and John Hoclie, labourer, were called to the Essex Quarter Sessions on 28 Apr. 1603 to give evidence against Bartholomew Ward ‘for certain seditious speeches spoken by him against the king’s majesty’. Ward and his brother Edward, a labourer of Great Chishall, attempted to turn the charge against Hoclie and Bird ‘for such seditious speeches as they should speak of the king’s majesty’ (Essex Record Office, Q/SR/162/28, 29).

14. Essex Record Office T/A 418/72/41, transcript of ASSI 35/45/2/41; Cock burn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. James I, 2–4.

15. CSPD 1603–1610 (1857), 31.

16. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. James I, 9. He may have had influential friends, for a writ non molestetis in favour of Henry Glascocke of High Easter, husbandman, was issued from Westminster on 23 Feb. 1605.

17. TNA: PRO STAC 8/7/3. On resistance to fen drainage, see Clive Holmes, Seventeenth-Century Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1980), 91, 120–30.

18. TNA: PRO STAC 8/6/10.

19. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. James I, 16.

20. TNA: PRO SP14/18/69, 73.

21. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. II. Indictments, Recognizances . . . and Memoranda, temp. James I (Clerkenwell, 1887), 76.

22. National Library of Wales, Great Sessions, 4/143/1/68. I am grateful to Lloyd Bowen for supplying this reference.

23. TNA: PRO SP 14/138/21.

24. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. II, 147.

25. TNA: PRO SP 14/122/145, SP 14/123/20.

26. TNA: PRO SP 14/143/18, 19; Acts of the Privy COUNCIL1621–1623, 484.

27. TNA: PRO SP 15/40/31.

28. British Library, Add. MS 72421, fos. 110–12.

29. TNA: PRO SP 14/18/69.

30. TNA: PRO STAC 8/11/23.

31. Acts of the Privy Council 1623–1625, 19.

32. TNA: PRO STAC 8/32/20.

33. TNA: PRO SP 14 passim, quotations from SP 14/127/59, Sir John Mill to Secretary Calvert, Jan. 1622.

34. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. James I, 26.

35. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. II, 20.

36. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. James I, 38.

37. National Library of Wales, Great Sessions, 4/143/3/37.

38. Acts of the Privy Council 1615–1616, 27–8.

39. Acts of the Privy Council 1615–1616, 584.

40. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. II, 132.

41. Acts of the Privy Council 1616–1617, 411.

42. Acts of the Privy Council 1618–1619, 147, 246–7.

43. TNA: PRO SP 14/108/43; Acts of the Privy Council 1618–1619, 419.

44. CSPD 1619–1623, 92–3; TNA: PRO SP 14/111/14.

45. TNA: PRO SP 14/117/38, 39, 40; Acts of the Privy Council 1619–1621, 363.

46. TNA: PRO SP 14/121/99; Acts of the Privy Council 1619–1621, 392.

47. TNA: PRO SP 14/123/64; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 81–2.

48. TNA: PRO SP 14/122/111;Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 43.

49. Acts of the Privy Council 1618–1619, 214; Acts of the Privy Council 1619–1621, 14; CSPD 1619–1623, 208; TNA: PRO SP 14/118/105.

50. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Stuart Royal Proclamations, i. Royal Proclamations of King James I 1603–1625 (Oxford, 1973), 496n., citing Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 15988, fo. 550.

51. Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 121–2, 161.

52. TNA: PRO SP 14/128/54; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 156–7, 174.

53. TNA: PRO SP 14/153/26.

54. TNA: PRO SP 14/189/58.

55. TNA: PRO SP 14/18/69, 73.

56. Floyd’s case is reconstructed from parliamentary diaries, state papers, and contemporary correspondence: Wallace Notestein, Frances Helen Relf, and Hartley Simpson (eds.), Commons Debates 1621 (7 vols., New Haven, 1935), ii. 335, 349; iii. 116–27, 135; iv. 281–2, 285–6; v. 126–30, 356–61, 386; vi. 117–23, 397–8; Acts of the Privy Council 1618–1621, 8, 10, 24, 37, 41, 42, 97, 262; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 64; TNA: PRO SP 14/121/5, 12, 13, 44, 54, 69. See also Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, sub. Floyd [Lloyd], Edward (fl. 1588–1621); Conrad Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, 1621— 1629 (Oxford, 1979), 117–18.

57. The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1939), ii. 370, 372, 374, 377; Thomas Birch (ed.), The Court and Times of James the First (2 vols., 1849), ii. 252–6.

58. TNA: PRO SP 14/128/54, 128/71, 72; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 174.

59. More’s case is examined in TNA: PRO STAC 8/32/20.

60. Elisabeth Bourcier (ed.), Diary of Sir Simonds D’Ewes 1622–1624 (Paris, 1974), 180.

61. William Whiteway of Dorchester His Diary 1618 to 1635 (Dorset Record Society, 12, Dorchester, 1991), 59.

62. Elizabeth McClure Thomson (ed.), The Chamberlain Letters (New York, 1965), 320.

63. Thomas More to Thomas Rant, 28 Feb. 1624, in Michael Questier (ed), Stuart Dynastic Policy and Religious Politics, 1621–1625 (Camden Society, 5th ser., 2009), newsletter no. 39. I am grateful to Professor Questier for advanced sight of this text.

64. TNA: PRO SP 14/145/65, SP 15/43/12.

65. TNA: PRO SP 14/159/38, 39.

66. Essex Record Office, Clayton MSS. D/DAc66.

67. TNA: PRO SP 14/105/51–3.

68. TNA: PRO SP 14/110/27, 28, 39, 45; Acts of the Privy Council 1619–1621, 29.

69. Acts of the Privy Council 1619–1621, 257; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 1, 78–9; TNA: PRO STAC 8/225/30; Ronald A. Marchant, Puritans and the Church Courts in the Diocese of York (1960), 186–8.

70. TNA: PRO STAC 8/225/30.

71. TNA: PRO STAC 8/180/11.

72. TNA: PRO SP 14/122/71.

73. TNA: PRO STAC 8/29/12.

CHAPTER 6

1. The most important studies include Judith Richards, ‘“His Nowe Majestie” and the English Monarchy: The Kingship of Charles I before 1640’, Past & Present, 113 (1986), 70–96; L. J. Reeve, Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule (Cambridge, 1989); Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (1992); Charles Carlton, Charles I: The Personal Monarch (2nd edn., 1995); Michael B. Young, Charles I (Basingstoke, 1997); Richard Cust, Charles I: A Political Life (Harlow, 2005); Mark Kishlansky, ‘Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity’, Past & Present, 189 (2005), 41–80; and Clive Holmes, Why Was Charles I Executed? (2006).

2. [George Croke], The Reports of Sir George Croke… Revised, and Published in English by Sir Harebotle Grimston (1657), 83; T. B. Howell and T. J. Howell (eds.), A Complete Collection of State Trials (33 vols., 1809–28), iii. 359. The king had visited Plymouth in September to speed the fleet. The court was travelling in the south-west that autumn, partly to avoid outbreaks of plague at London and Windsor. John Poulett wrote to Secretary Conway on 9 Oct. 1625 with reference to the king’s recent visit to his house (TNA: PRO SP 16/7/57).

3. Richard Mulcaster, Positions…for the Training up of Children (1581), 159; Leonard Wright, A Display of Dutie (1589), 16; John Boys, The Third Part from S. Iohn Baptists Nativitie (1615), 116; Francis Rous, Meditations of Instruction (1616), 447; Luther and Erasmus: Free Will and Salvation, ed. E. Gordon Rupp and Philip S. Watson (Philadelphia, 1969), 91. See also [Sir John Melton], A Sixe-Fold Politician (1609), 72, on men of ‘weak understanding’ lured to Jesuit seminaries ‘like children… with an apple’, and [Matthew Killiray], The Swearer and the Drunkard (1673), 2, on irreligious men who ‘make themselves bondslaves for an apple’.

4. Ecclesiastes 10: 16, 20.

5. Howell and Howell (eds.), Complete Collection of State Trials, iii. 359–67; Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1736), i. 114–15; William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (11th edn., 4 vols., 1791), iv. 80; W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (rev. edn., 17 vols., 1922–72), viii. 312; Richard L. Greaves and Robert Zaller (eds.), Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century (3 vols., Brighton, 1982), iii. 73.

6. Thomas Garden Barnes, Somerset 1625–1640: A County’s Government during the ‘Personal Rule’ (Cambridge, MA, 1961), 34, 70, 262.

7. David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (Oxford, 1985), 120; The Diary of Walter Yonge, Esq., ed. George Roberts (Camden Society, 1848), 110.

8. Wilfrid R. Prest, The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar1590–1640 (Oxford, 1986), 238, 386; Diary of Walter Yonge, ed. Roberts, 114.

9. Richard Cust, The Forced Loan and English Politics 1626–1628 (Oxford, 1987), 192–3.

10. Somerset Record Office, Taunton, DD/CM/72.

11. Frederick Arthur Crisp (ed.), Abstracts of Somerset Wills (6 vols., 1887–90), ii. 71–2. TNA: PRO PROB 11/154. Inquisitions post-mortem dated 28 Mar. 1629 list Hugh Pyne’s crown leases and holdings as tenant in chief (TNA: PRO C 142/448/96; WARD 7/78/139).

12. Sir William Dugdale, Origines Juridiciales, or Historical Memorials of the English Laws (1666), 235; The Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln’s Inn: The Black Books, Vol. II. From ad 1586 to ad 1660 (1898), 48, 157, 186, 199, 206, 253, 450. I am grateful to Wilfrid Prest for insights into Pyne’s legal career.

13. On 11 June 1626, for example, Hugh Pyne presided at the Somerset Quarter Sessions at Somerton (Somerset Record Office, Q/SRD/1/24; E. H. Bates Harbin (ed.), Quarter Sessions Records for the County of Somerset. Vol. 1. James. I. 1607–1625 (Somerset Record Society, 23, 1907), 216–335; id., Quarter Sessions Records for the County of Somerset. Vol II. Charles I. 1625–1639 (Somerset Record Society, 24, 1908), 6, 14, 20).

14. TNA: PRO Exchequer King’s Remembrancer, Certificates of Residence, E 115/316/65, also E 115/293/25, 296/105, 301/4, 59, 305/57, 307/117, 140; Thomas Birch (ed.), The Court and Times of Charles the First (2 vols., 1848), i. 295.

15. TNA: PRO PROB 11/154.

16. Hampshire Record Office, 44M69/L30/58, Hugh Pyne to Henry Sherfield, 8 Apr. 1622.

17. TNA: PRO SP 16/540/24.

18. Robert C. Johnson et al. (eds.), Commons Debates 1628 (6 vols., New Haven and London, 1977–83), iii. 140, iv. 128.

19. The Letters, Speeches and Proclamations of King Charles I, ed. Sir Charles Petrie (1935), 6, 63, 70.

20. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, sub ‘Poulett’; Somerset Record Office, DD/BR/ba.

21. TNA: PRO SP 16/36/7; CSPD 1625–1626, 121, 238, 357, 431, 436, 445; CSPD 1627–1628, 53, 279, 290; Historical Manuscripts Commission, The Manuscripts of the Earl Cowper, K. G., Preserved at Melbourne Hall, Derbyshire (3 vols., 1888–9), i. 248, 250.

22. TNA: PRO C 115/108, no. 8632, Roger Palmer to Viscount Scudamore, 19 Oct. 1625.

23. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 246, 295.

24. Mary Frear Keeler, The Long Parliament 1640–1641: A Biographical Study of its Members (Philadelphia, 1954), 319, mentioning the uncle of John Pyne: ‘imprisonment and examination brought him great notoriety in 1627–1628.’

25. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 292.

26. Diary of Walter Yonge, ed. Roberts, 110, 114.

27. William Whiteway of Dorchester His Diary 1618 to 1635 (Dorset Record Society, 12, Dorchester, 1991), 93. Another Dorset chronicler, Dennis Bond, made no reference to Pyne’s case, although he commented on the forced loan in 1626 and the death of the Duke of Buckingham in 1628 (Dorset History Centre, D/BOC/Box22).

28. TNA: PRO SP 16/40/58, SP 1 6/438/37; Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Stuart Royal Proclamations, i. Royal Proclamations of King James I1603–1625 (Oxford, 1973), 527–34, for the proclamation of 6 Jan. 1622 ‘concerning the dissolving of the present convention of parliament’.

29. TNA: PRO C 231/4, 419. Pyne was dismissed on 9 Sept. 1626. I am grateful to Alison Wall for supplying this reference.

30. TNA: PRO SP 16/36/46, SP 16/37/5. Bagg, a naval administrator, was Buckingham’s principal political agent in the West Country.

31. TNA: PRO SP 16/40/30.

32. TNA SP 16/526/5, SP 16/40/58, SP 16/438/37; Acts of the Privy Council1627–1628, 298.

33. TNASP 16/66/78.

34. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/256; Croke, Reports, 83; Howell and Howell (eds.), Complete Collection of State Trials, iii. 359.

35. Acts of the Privy Council 1627–1628, 297–8.

36. O. Ogle and W. H. Bliss (eds.), Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers Preserved in the Bodleian Library (5 vols., Oxford, 1872–1970), i. 31; Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/249. The manuscript could be read as 16 June, and has been so calendared, but the 26th is clear on the dorse (SP 16/68/25).

37. Charles to Buckingham, 3 Nov. 1621, Proclamation of 10 Mar. 1629, in Letters, Speeches and Proclamations, ed. Petrie, 6, 70, 76.

38. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 295. On 27 Aug. 1627 the Cornish loan refuser Sir Bevill Granville wrote to an imprisoned friend of his grief ‘at your long suffering, from which there hath not wanted the prayers of many good men to redeem you… when now of late also more of the honest knot are fetched away’. There is no direct evidence that this letter was addressed to Hugh Pyne, but its references to the recipient’s legal advice, and to his ‘worthy nephew’ (perhaps John Pyne), as well as the date and the sentiment, suggest the possibility (Roger Granville, The History of the Granville Family (Exeter, 1895), 163–4).

39. TNA: PRO SP 16/83/21, SP 16/93/55; Acts of the Privy Council 1627–1628, 303; Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/251.

40. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/251.

41. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/252, 4/253.

42. TNA SP 16/89/61, undated.

43. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 292; Oliver Lawson Dick (ed.), Aubrey’s Brief Lives, ed. Oliver Lawson Dick (Ann Arbor, 1957), 106, for Noy’s excursions with Pyne.

44. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/254–5.

45. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/254.

46. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/257.

47. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/257. Cf. John Holles to Bishop Williams, 13 Nov. 1626: ‘many for refusing the loan are pressed to the ships’ (Letters of John Holles 1587–1637, ed. P. R. Seddon (Thoroton Society Record Series, 35, 1983), 337).

48. Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 4/257.

49. Thomas Norton, ‘A warning agaynst the dangerous practises of Papistes, and specially the parteners of the late rebellion’, in All such treatises as have been lately published by Thomas Norton (1570), sig. Ci(v); British Library, Lansdowne MS 620, fo. 50^v, Chief Justice Richardson in Star Chamber.

50. TNA: PRO SP 16/529/64.

51. Statutes of the Realm (10 vols., 1810–28), i., 319–20; John Bellamy, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1970); John Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction (Toronto and London, 1979). See also Sir Edward Coke, The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England (1644), 14; Rex v. Owen, cited in Holdsworth, History of English Law, viii. 312; John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593–1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (1894), 37; and the discussion in Chapter 3, above.

52. Croke, Reports, 83, says ‘none other of the judges’ were then in town, but State Trials, iii. 359, augments the list to include Sir John Dodderidge and Sir James Whitlocke of King’s Bench; Sir Richard Hutton, Sir Francis Harvey, and Sir George Croke (who wrote the report) of Common Pleas; and Sir Edward Bromley and Sir John Denham of the Exchequer. I am grateful to Cynthia Herrup for discussion of this point, and her suggestion that there were probably two meetings.

53. See Chapter 3, above, for these and other cases.

54. TNA: PRO SP 16/86/37, 38, 39; SP 16/529/64.

55. CSPD 1627–8, 461; TNA: PRO SP 16/76/37–9.

56. Croke, Reports, 89; State Trials, iii. 367. See also Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae, i. 115.

57. Croke, Reports, 89; State Trials, iii. 368.

58. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 295, 305; Acts of the Privy Council 1627–1628, 297. ‘Ore tenus involved an expedited oral proceeding, not necessarily to the defendant’s advantage.

59. Johnson et al. (eds.), Commons Debates 1628, i. 39n., 60; ii. 305; iii. 86, 628, 632; iv. 131.

60. TNA: PRO SO 1/1, fo. 344.

61. Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln’s Inn . . . Vol. II, 277. Pyne’s daughter Christabell Windham enjoyed brief celebrity in 1630 as nurse to Prince Charles (William Whiteway . . . His Diary, 111).

CHAPTER 7

1. [George Croke], The Reports of Sir George Croke… Revised, and Published in English by Sir Harebotle Grimston (1657), 89; T. B. Howell and T. J. Howell (eds.), A Complete Collection of State Trials (33 vols., 1809–28), iii. 367; Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1736), i. 115.

2. In October 1634 Archbishop Neile of York wrote to Archbishop Laud of Canterbury about a Westmorland man who said that ‘greater men had their wives recusants, and yet they had their places; yea, and some privy councillors, and the king himself had his wife a recusant, yet they continued still in their places’. Neile ‘conceived these words to be very seditious, or rather treasonable’, but the king ‘of his great goodness’ was ‘pleased to remit these presumptuous speeches’ (Bodleian Library, MS Clarendon 6, fos. 40–1). To call someone ‘traitor’ or to say ‘you have spoken treason’ exposed the accuser to the risk of an action for slander (William Sheppard, Action upon the Case for Slander. Or a Methodical Collection under Certain Heads, of Thousands of Cases (1662), 33).

3. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C. 674, fo. 10: Lord Keeper’s speech to parliament, 29 Mar. 1626.

4. Acts of the Privy Council 1630–1631, 227–8.

5. Thomas Birch (ed.), The Court and Times of Charles the First (2 vols., 1848), i. 27: John Pory to Joseph Mead, 3 June 1625.

6. Statute of Westminster, 1275, 3 Edward I, c. 34, Statutes of the Realm (1816), i. 35.

7. Neil Walker and Thomas Craddock, The History of Wisbech and the Fens (Wisbech, 1849), 240.

8. The Wisbech stirs are reconstructed from TNA: PRO SP 16/3/53 1–6.

9. Acts of the Privy Council 1625–1626, 97.

10. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 48–9; Essex Record Office, T/A 418/99/114.

11. TNA: PRO SP 16/6/56; Acts of the Privy Council 1625–1626, 206–7.

12. H. Hampton Copnall (ed.), Nottinghamshire County Records. Notes and Extracts. . . of the 17th Century (Nottingham, 1915), 107: Hugh Till indicted at Nottingham assizes.

13. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 49.

14. TNA: PRO SP 16/10/33.

15. TNA: PRO SP 16/19/46.

16. TNA: PRO SP 16/124/28.

17. TNA: PRO SP 16/110/6.

18. TNA: PRO SP 16/110/41 and postscript.

19. TNA: PRO SP 16/110/21.

20. TNA: PRO SP 16/114/23.

21. Barrington Family Letters 1628–1632, ed. Arthur Searle (Camden Society, 4th ser., 28, 1983), 36.

22. TNA: PRO SP 16/100/3.

23. TNA: PRO SP 16/171/37. Buller and Levett would seem to have got wind of John Cosin’s remark that ‘King Charles is not supreme head of the Church of England next under Christ’, discussed later in this chapter.

24. TNA: PRO SP 16/148/66.

25. TNA: PRO SP 16/237/28.

26. TNA: PRO SP 16/237/60.

27. TNA: PRO SP 16/239/61.

28. TNA: PRO SP 16/239/85.

29. TNA: PRO SP 16/26/49.

30. TNA: PRO SP 16/26/49.

31. Diary of John Rous, Incumbent of Santon Downham, Suffolk, from 1625 to 1642, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (Camden Society, 66, 1856), 19–33.

32. TNA: PRO SP 16/29/40: Thomas Brediman in 1626.

33. John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State (1659), 639; TNA: PRO SP 16/106/27; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i., 371–3: Mead to Stuteville, 5 July 1628.

34. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 368; British Library, Egerton MS 2725, fo. 82^v.

35. TNA: PRO SP 16/106/27.

36. Letters of John Holles 1587–1637, ed. P. R. Seddon (Thoroton Society Record Series, 35, 1983), 383.

37. TNA: PRO SP 16/110/13.

38. TNA: PRO SP 16/116/28.

39. TNA: PRO SP 16/116/92; Isaac Bargrave, A Sermon Preached Before King Charles March 27 1627 (1627). Farrell’s words cost him a spell in prison.

40. TNA: PRO SP 16/116/56; CSPD 1628–29, 240; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 430–1. See Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) for Alexander Gill (1597–1642) and William Chillingworth (1602–44).

41. TNA: PRO C 115/106, no. 8397: John Pory to Viscount Scudamore, 24 Mar. 1632, on news of William Chillingworth turning papist.

42. J. H. Bettey, Calendar of the Correspondence of the Smyth Family of Ashton Court1548–1642 (Bristol Record Society, 35, 1982), 93.

43. TNA: PRO SP 16/116/95: Samuel Fisher to William Pickering, 10 Sept. 1628.

44. Henry Ellis, Original Letters Illustrative of English History (2nd edn., 3 vols., 1825), iii. 276–7; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 430.

45. Most of the Oxford chancellor’s court papers for 1628 are missing.

46. TNA: PRO SP 16/116/95; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 403.

47. Trumbull papers, British Library, Add. MS 72417, fo. 17; Aprill 4. The proceeding of the Parliament (1628). For details of Pyne’s case, see above, Chapter 6.

48. Bettey, Calendar of the Correspondence of the Smyth Family, 93.

49. Acts of the Privy Council 1628–1629, 134; TNA: PRO SP 16/111/5; Bettey, Calendar of the Correspondence of the Smyth Family, 93. The lines come from an ambitious libel on ‘the five senses’, with variants in Alastair Bellany and Andrew McRae (eds.), ‘Early Stuart Libels: An Edition of Poetry from Manuscript Sources’, Early Modern Literary Studies (2005), http://purl.oclc.org/emls/texts/libels/.

50. Acts of the Privy Council 1628–1629, 143, 159; TNA: PRO SP 16/116/56, SP 16/117/73, SP 16/118/77; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 430–1.

51. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 427, 437: Pory to Mead. I am grateful to Simon Healy for sharing his transcription of Harvard Law School Library, MS 1101, fos. 16–16^v, which has John Lightfoot’s report of Gill’s case.

52. Diary of John Rous, ed. Green, 33–4.

53. British Library, Egerton MS 2725, fo. 72.

54. Milton: Private Correspondence and Academic Exercises, ed. Phyllis B. Tillyard (Cambridge, 1932), 7, 8, 10. Gill’s Latin poems in celebration of Gustavus Adolphus are in Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 306, fos. 76–80^v; MS Wood F. 34, fo. 145 ^v; and British Library, Egerton MS 2725, fos. 143–4. More of Gill’s poetry can be found in British Library, Add. MS 33998, fos. 64 ^v—65, and British Library, Egerton MS 2725, fos. 72, 103–4, 131–2.

55. British Library, Egerton MS 2725, fos. 130— 1; Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 38, Alexander Gill, ‘Uppon Ben Jonsons Magnettick Lady’, answered by Zouch Townley, ‘Against Mr Alexander Gill’s Verses’. For the play, see Ben Jonson, The Magnetick Lady, ed. Peter Happe (Manchester, 2000).

56. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson Poet. 84, fos. 54–6.

57. e.g. TNA: PRO SP 16/163/61, SP 16/171/37.

58. Essex Record Office, Colchester Branch, D/B5/Sb2/7, fo. 121: ‘Book of Examinations and Recognizances 1619 to 1645’; John Walter, Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution: The Colchester Plunderers (Cambridge, 1999), 39, 211.

59. Acts of the Privy Council 1627 Jan.-Aug., 512; TNA: PRO SP 16/83/65; Copnall (ed.), Nottinghamshire County Records, 107.

60. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 310, 332, 348.

61. TNA: PRO SP 16/148/25; E. H. Bates Harbin (ed.), Quarter Sessions Records for the County of Somerset. Vol. II. Charles I. 1625–1639 (Somerset Record Society, 24, 1908), 95–6. The court allowed Williams to ‘have his reasonable maintenance … during his imprisonment’.

62. TNA: PRO SP 16/163/61; Essex Record Office, T/A 418/99/114, T/A 418/107/90.

63. TNA: PRO SP 16/197/35.

64. TNA: PRO SP 16/198/37, SP 16/533/44.

65. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III… 1 Charles Ito 18 Charles II (Clerkenwell, 1888), 43.

66. TNA: PRO SP 16/248/60.

67. For Stephens, see later in this chapter.

68. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 54–5.

69. TNA: PRO SP 16/231/24; Staffordshire Record Office, D1287/18/2/108, Bridgeman correspondence: James Martin reporting words of Dr Robert Floyd.

70. TNA: PRO PC 2/43, 431; SP 16/258/45; Bodleian Library, MS Carte 123, fo. 180.

71. University of Birmingham, Calendar of the Court of Chivalry, 1634–1640, no. 35 Bawde v. Dawson (www.court-of-chivalry.bham.ac.uk/index.htm).

72. Redferne also said ‘that the king and peers of the land were not worthy to sit on the seat of judgement because they did not execute true justice’. The justices who examined Redferne’s ‘reviling and malicious speeches’ thought ‘his disesteem of the great God of heaven caused him to slight so great a majesty as our gracious sovereign’ (TNA: PRO SP 16/258/50, SP 16/260/10; PC 2/43, 443).

73. TNA: PRO SP 16/262/16. For more on Noah Rogers, see below pp. 180–1 and note 222.

74. TNA: PRO SP 16/294/68, 297/11, 12.

75. TNA: PRO SP 16/272/18, 19.

76. TNA: PRO SP 16/293/97, SP 16/296/45.

77. TNA: PRO PC 2/44, 136, PC 2/45, 121, PC 2/45, 401.

78. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 43/35, fo. 76; CSPD 1635–6, 253, 260; CSPD1637–8, 124.

79. TNA: PRO SP 16/317/6.

80. TNA: PRO SP 16/326/75, SP 16/536/79.

81. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 41/53, fo. 99; TNA: PRO SP 16/426/41.

82. TNA: PRO SP 16/248/60.

83. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 41/54, fo. 100.

84. TNA: PRO SP 16/318/76.

85. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/117/70, T/A 418/117/79, 80, transcript of ASSI 35/81/1/10, ASSI 35/81/1/79, 80.

86. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/7, fo. 12; MS Bankes 18/25; MS Bankes 43/36.

87. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/28.

88. TNA: PRO PC 2/48, fo. 88^v.

89. TNA: PRO SP 16/369/25, SP 16/362/96.

90. TNA: PRO C 115/108, no. 8615; CSPD 1636–7, 560; CSPD 1637, 44–5, 106, 109–10, 176.

91. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 42/57, 58; TNA: PRO PC 2/48, fos. 251, 259^v-60.

92. TNA: PRO SP 16/385/37, 64, 76.

93. TNA: PRO SP 16/389/64; PC 2/49, fo. 84; Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fo. 37.

94. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 42/65, fo. 137; TNA: PRO SP 16/395/40.

95. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/3, 18/38, 58/1–2; British Library, Add. MS 11045, fos. 3v-4; TNA: PRO SP 16/397/26–8, SP 16/427/115, SP 16/439/18.

96. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 13/13, fo. 20; MS Bankes 37/57, fo. 118.

97. TNA: PRO PC 2/49, fo. 119.

98. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 3.

99. Copnall (ed.), Nottinghamshire County Records, 108.

100. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 37/54, fo. 112; CSPD 1638–1639, 596. Not surprisingly, Glascocke claimed ‘he was distempered and intoxicated with drink at that time’, and sought pardon.

101. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 7; CSPD 1638–1639, 523; TNA: PRO PC 2/50, fo. 67.

102. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/1, 18/2.

103. CSPD 1640,228.

104. Staffordshire RO, Q/SO/5. fo. 16; Q/SR/243, fos. 6–7, 11.

105. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/8, fos. 13–14; MS Bankes, 18/10, fo. 17. The minister John Denison claimed not to have heard Warner’s offending words, but noted that ‘there was a falling out’ between him and his accusers, Thomas and Margery Laward. Denison, however, was a lodger in Robert Warner’s house, and perhaps had his own agenda (MS Bankes 18/9, fo. 15).

106. East Sussex Record Office, QR/E/56/18.

107. Essex Record Office, Quarter Sessions Rolls, Q/SR/314/130; Quarter Sessions Depositions, Q/SBa/2/44.

108. TNA: PRO Chester 24/126/1.

109. John Lister (ed.), West Riding Records. Vol. II, Orders, 1611–1642. Indictments,1637–1642 (Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 53, 1915), 367.

110. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 174.

111. Essex Record Office, D/Deb/16/1–4, Bramston Papers, certified copies from Glamorganshire Quarter Sessions.

112. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/1/4, Northern Circuit Depositions, nos. 55–8; James Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century (Surtees Society, Durham, 40, 1861), 4–5.

113. TNA: PRO SP 16/318/55.

114. TNA: PRO PC 2/50, fos. 251^v, 253.

115. Thomas G. Barnes (ed.), Somerset Assize Orders 1629–1640 (Somerset Record Society, 65, 1959), 47.

116. TNA: PRO SP 16/248/93, 250/58, 327/140, 372/109, etc., examples from Apr.—June 1639; CSPD 1639, 43–4, 260, 300; CSPD 1640, 474, 487.

117. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/24, reporting remarks by Archie Arm strong in the White Lion at Westminster in March 1638.

118. TNA: PRO SP 16/361/117. This Mr Shepherd was ‘a silenced minister’ at Sion College, London.

119. CSPD 1639, 43, 260, 300; Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/1, 18/2.

120. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 7: Sir Edward Powell in March 1639.

121. TNA: PRO SP 16/417/97.

122. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/1, 18/2.

123. The Works of. . . William Laud, D. D., ed. William Scott and James Bliss (7 vols., Oxford, 1847–60), iii. 210; Lambeth Palace Library, MS 943, 719. Another libel against Laud in 1629 described him as ‘the fountain of wickedness’ (John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State (8 vols., 1680–1701), i. 662).

124. Lambeth Palace Library, MS 943, 717, 721.

125. [Lucy Hutchinson], Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, ed. Julius Hutchinson, rev. C. H. Firth (1906), 72.

126. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 3.

127. TNA: PRO SP 16/140/44.

128. TNA: PRO SP 16/140/44.

129. TNA: PRO SP 16/152/82.

130. Diary of John Rous, ed. Green, 54.

131. See Chapters 8 and 9.

132. TNA: PRO SP 16/382/17.

133. Bodleian Library, MS Top. Oxon. C. 378, fo. 298. See also Margaret Grigg’s criticism in 1640 of expenditures for the queen mother, Essex Record Office, D/Deb 94/20, papers of Sir John Bramston; Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fos. 50, 52; PC 2/51, fo. 260v.

134. TNA: PRO PC 2/51, fos. 347^v, 356, 360^v, 361; Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/19.

135. TNA: PRO SP 16/392/61, SP 16/393/2. On the Petres, see William Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 15, 27; Walter, Understanding Popular Violence, 48, 207, 222. I am grateful to James Kelly for discussion of the Petre family.

136. TNA: PRO SP 16/393/24.

137. British Library, MS Harley 1026, ‘Memorandum Book of Justinian Pagit’, fo. 45, Birch (ed.), Court and Times, ii. 225: Pagit to Dr Charles Twysden, 2 Feb. 1633; CSPD 1633–34, 480.

138. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fos. 39–41.

139. CSPD 1640, 193.

140. TNA: PRO SP 16 474/4.

141. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 74. Joan Worrall was included in the Middlesex gaol delivery in June 1641 ‘for scandalous words against his majesty’ (Bodleian Library, MS John Johnson C. 1, fo. 5).

142. TNA: PRO PC 2/51, fos. 347^v, 356, 360^v, 361; Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/19.

143. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/1/3, Northern Circuit Depositions, no. 47; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 3–4.

144. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Charles I (1995), 424.

145. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 81.

146. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fo. 72.

147. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fos. 74, 80. The offending words were spoken by Enoch Grey at St Ethelburgh’s ‘about a fortnight before Easter’ 1641. Manasseh was a Jewish king who reinstituted paganism.

148. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fo. 78. The speaker was Henry Pryme on 4 Jan. 1642, the day of the king’s failed coup at Westminster.

149. Devon Record Office, Exeter Quarter Sessions Order Book, no. 64, fo. 6^v.

150. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 58; TNA: PRO SP 16/11/42.

151. Richard Johnson, The Baronetage of England (3 vols., 1771), i. 34; G. E. Cockayne (ed.), Complete Baronetage (6 vols., Exeter, 1800–1909), i. 22; William Farrer and J. Brownbill (eds.), The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster, iv (1911), 144–5. Gerard was born c.1584, succeeded to the baronetcy in 1621, served as MP for Liverpool 1624–5, and died c.1630. His daughter Frances became a nun at Gravelines.

152. Bridgeman correspondence, Staffordshire Record Office, D1287/18/2/18, 20. Lord Keeper Williams had twice warned Bridgeman not to proceed against Gerard without his express approval.

153. TNA: PRO SP 16/7/69, SP 16/9/31; CSPD 1625–1626, 115.

154. TNA: PRO SP 16/7/69, SP 16/10/42.

155. Acts of the Privy Council 1625–1626, 202–3, 205, 206; Bridgeman correspondence, Staffordshire Record Office, D1287/18/2/28.

156. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 58.

157. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 58.

158. Acts of the Privy Council 1625–1626, 247; TNA: PRO SP 16/10/42.

159. Acts of the Privy Council 1625–1626, 247, 263.

160. TNA: PRO SP 16/11/42.

161. Acts of the Privy Council 1625–1626, 349–50; TNA: PRO SP 16/12/8.

162. TNA: PRO SP 16/31/54, SP 16/32/37; Bridgeman correspondence, Staffordshire Record Office, D1287/18/2/28.

163. TNA: PRO SO 3/9, not foliated; CSPD 1627–1628, 590; Huntington Library, Hastings MS, HA 3434, 3437.

164. TNA: PRO SP 16/39/35. As an agent for Elizabeth of Bohemia, Nethersole would have particular interest in such predictions.

165. Acts of the Privy Council 1626, June—Dec. (1938), 348, 350.

166. TNA: PRO SP 16/29/40.

167. TNA: PRO SP 16/29/41.

168. TNA: PRO SP 16/52/57.

169. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 167–8.

170. Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report: The Manuscripts of the Earl Cowper, K.G., Preserved at Melbourne Hall, Derbyshire (3 vols., 1888–9), i. 296; TNA: PRO SP 16/55/67.

171. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Manuscripts of the Earl Cowper, i. 282, 319.

172. Diary of John Rous, ed. Green, 12.

173. Diary of John Rous, ed. Green, 19.

174. TNA: PRO SP 16/105/67.

175. TNA: PRO PC 2/41, 346–7, 349.

176. The Godly End, and wofull lamentation of one Iohn Stevens, a youth, that was hang’d, drawne, and quartered for High-Treason, at Salisbury in Wilshire, upon Thursday being the seventh day of March last 1632, with the setting up of his quarters on the City gates. To the tune of Fortune my foe (1633).

177. TNA: PRO SP 16/231/65, SP 16/534/4.

178. Details of Crohagan’s case are found in Reports of Sir George Croke, 242; British Library, Harley MS 1026, fos. 47^48; William Whiteway of Dorchester His Diary 1618 to 1635 (Dorset Record Society, 12, Dorchester, 1991), 135; Diary of John Rous, ed. Green, 5–6; TNA: PRO C 115/105, no. 8212; Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson D. 392, 362.

179. Thomas S. Flynn, The Irish Dominicans 1536–1641 (Dublin, 1993), 119–20; Martin J. Havran, The Catholics in Caroline England (Stanford, 1962), 114. I am grateful to James Lenaghan, OP, for discussion of this case.

180. Gerald Aylmer, Rebellion or Revolution? England 1640–1660 (Oxford, 1986), 7; Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (1992), 930; Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1652 (Harlow, 2007), 71.

181. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 19/4, fos. 6–7.

182. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, ii. 250; Winthrop Papers, iii. 1631–1637 (Massa chusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1943), 355–6.

183. Essex Record Office, T/A 418/117/9, 79, 80, transcript of ASSI 35/81/1/9, 80.

184. TNA: PRO SP 16/387/64.

185. Moore’s case can be reconstructed from CSPD 1638–39, 167, 321, 360–1; TNA: PRO SP 16/404/64, 409/102, 410/6, 7; University of Birmingham, Calendar of the Court of Chivalry, 1634–1640, no. 405, Mansergh v. Moore.

186. TNA: PRO SP 16/441/36, SP 16/441/55.

187. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/1/3, Northern Circuit Depositions, no. 47; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 3–4. The Scot Alexander Leslie, of course, had no claim to any British throne.

188. London Metropolitan Archives, MJ/SBB/15, fo. 34.

189. Peter Heylyn, Examen Historicum (1659), 131.

190. TNA: PRO SP 16/263/65.

191. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, ii. 250: Edward Rossingham to Sir Thomas Puckering.

192. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 18/34.

193. TNA: PRO PC 2/48, fo. 88^v.

194. TNA: PRO SP 16/440/78, 79.

195. Thomas Hurste, The Descent of Authoritie: or, The Magistrates Patent from Heaven (1637), 19.

196. TNA: PRO PC 2/43, 247.

197. TNA: PRO SP 16/284/24; PC 2/44, 465.

198. TNA: PRO SP 16/367/73.

199. CSPD 1637–1638, 140.

200. TNA: PRO SP 15/42/76, 77, SP 14/120/13, SP 14/130/127, SP 16/278/65.

201. David Cressy, Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1987), 65, 134, 140, 152, 154; John Camden Hotten (ed.), Original Lists of Persons of Quality . . . Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600–1700 (1874; repr. Baltimore, 1974), 289–92.

202. TNA: PRO SP 16/289/46.

203. CSPD 1637–1638, 140; TNA: PRO PC 2/48, fo. 251.

204. TNA: PRO SP 16/119/42; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 439: John Pory to Joseph Mead, 28 Nov. 1628; Barrington Family Letters, ed. Searle, 51; Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson D. 821, fo. 4^v, papers of Peter Smart.

205. TNA: PRO SP 16/121/33.

206. British Library, Add. MS 38,490, 12; Bodleian Library, Oxford, Tanner MS 65, fo. 223.

207. Birch (ed.), Court and Times, i. 335: Mead to Stuteville, 29 Mar. 1628; TNA: PRO SP 16/147/15, 35, 42; SP 16/150/92, 93; John Cosin, A Collection of Private Devotions (3 editions in 1627); Peter Smart, The Vanitie and Downe-fall of Superstitious Popish Ceremonies (Edinburgh, 1628).

208. Letters and reports concerning Williams are collected and copied in Bodleian Library, MS Cherry 2.

209. TNA: PRO SP 16/221/41.

210. TNA: PRO C 115/108, no. 8616.

211. Samuel Rawson Gardiner (ed.), Reports of Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission (Camden Society, 1886), 89, 91–2.

212. Andy Wood, The Politics of Social Conflict: The Peak Country, 1520–1770 (Cambridge, 1999), 184, 186, 219–226, quotation at 225. See also Jill R. Dias, ‘Lead, Society and Politics in Derbyshire before the Civil War’, Midland History, 6 (1981), 39–57; Gardiner (ed.), Reports of Cases, 89–91, 94, 106.

213. Gardiner (ed.), Reports of Cases, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107.

214. Gardiner (ed.), Reports of Cases, 100.

215. Gardiner (ed.), Reports of Cases, 108; Theeves, Theeves: or, a relation of Sir John Gell’s proceedings in Darby shire (Oxford, 1643), 7. ‘Some things well charged against him in the bill were but weakly proved, and other things well proved were weakly charged,’ observed John Pory of Carrier’s case in Star Chamber (TNA: PRO C 115/106, no. 8391).

216. TNA: PRO SP 16/190/45. For more on the Forest of Dean riots, see TNA: PRO SP 16/188/20, SP 16/195/5, SP 16/215/5; Buchanan Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586–1660 (Berkeley, 1980).

217. TNA: PRO SP 16/197/33, 34; SP 16/198/17.

218. TNA: PRO C 115/106, nos. 8414, 8415.

219. British Library, Harley MS 1026, ‘Memorandum Book of Justinian Pagitt’, fo. 45; Birch (ed.), Court and Times, ii. 225.

220. CSPD 1633–34, 48°. Vicar since 1618, Preston was in trouble again in 1640 for naming his hogs after leading members of parliament.

221. TNA: PRO SP 16/324, fo. 13.

222. TNA: PRO SP 16/262/16, SP 16/262/67. Noah Rogers was scholar in 1609 and sophister in 1611 at Trinity College (George Dames Burtchaell and Thomas Ulick Sadleir (eds.), Alumni Dublinenses . . . 1593–1860 (2nd edn., Dublin, 1935), 714). There is no trace of him in standard New England sources.

223. A. Percival Moore (ed.), ‘The Metropolitical Visitation of Archdeacon [sic] Laud’, in Associated Architectural Societies Reports and Papers, 29 (1907), 524–34; CSPD 1637–1638, 240; TNA: PRO SP 16/267/6.

224. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C. 573, 28.

225. TNA: PRO SP 16/397/91.

226. TNA: PRO SP 16/267/6.

227. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fos. 39–41; British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 33.

228. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fos. 42–42v; ODNB sub Burroughs, Jeremiah. On Covenanter resistance theory, see John Morrill (ed.), The Scottish National Covenant in its British Context, 1638–1651 (Edinburgh, 1990).

229. TNA: PRO PC 2/49, fo. 267^v; Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 44, fo. 13.

230. Staffordshire Record Office, Bridgeman Correspondence, D1287/18/2/183.

231. CSPD 1638–1639, fos. 554–5; TNA: PRO SP 16/414/82; PC 2/50, fos. 73^v, 74^v.

232. British Library, Add. MS 11045, fo. 3.

233. Cheshire Record Office, QJF 68/2, fos. 28–33. In a previous rant Girtam declared England ‘full of treason’, saying ‘he alone stood for the king’. He was assigned to appear at the next assizes, but no further trace of him can be found.

234. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Charles I, 438.

235. Lambeth Palace Library, Bramston Papers, MS 3391, fos. 74, 80. See also Enoch Grey’s narrative in his printed petition, To the Supreame Authority of this Nation, the Commons of England in Parliament Assembled (1649).

236. CSPD 1628–1629, 347; TNA: PRO SP 16/118/35, SP 16/118/56.

237. TNA: PRO SP 16/174/18.

238. TNA: PRO SP 16/174/41.

239. TNA: PRO SP 16/252/26, SP 16/260/60, SP 16/262/57.

240. TNA: PRO PC 2/44, 621; SP 16/290/18.

241. TNA: PRO SP 16/294/87, SP 16/293/117.

242. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 37/37, fo. 80; TNA: PRO SP 16/391/85, SP 16/406/82.

243. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B. 243, fo. 19, the Lord Keeper’s speech, 14 June 1638.

244. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of the Family of Gawdy (1885), 168: William Davy to Framlingham Gawdy, 7 June 1638.

245. TNA: PRO SP 16/392/61.

246. Charles I, Basilika. The Workes of King Charles the Martyr (2 vols., 1662), i. 363.

247. The Letters, Speeches and Proclamations of King Charles I, ed. Charles Petrie (1935), 47.

248. William Laud, sermon before the king at Whitehall, 19 June 1625, in Works, i. 99, 107, 115.

249. Bodleian Library, MS Carte 1, fo. 89, 4 Apr. 1628.

250. The Knyvett Letters (1620–1644), ed. Bertram Schofield (Norfolk Record Society, 1949), 103.

CHAPTER 8

1. Examples in Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13.

2. Marchamont Nedham, Certain Considerations Tendered in all Humility, to an Honorable Member of the Councell of State (1649), 1, 12.

3. Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiasticall… 1 640 (1640), canon 1, sigs. B4, C, C^v.

4. John Swan, Redde Debitum. Or, A Discourse in defence of three chiefe Fatherhoods (1640), 7, 9, 21.

5. Henry King, A Sermon Preached at St Pauls March 27. 1640, in The Sermons of Henry King, ed. Mary Hobbs (Cranbury, NJ, and Aldershot, 1992), 222.

6. Richard Gardyner, A Sermon Appointed . . . on the Day of His Maiesties Happy Inauguration (1642), 9.

7. Robert Mossom, The King on his Throne: Or, A Discourse maintaining the Dignity of a King, the Duty of a Subject, and the unlawfulnesse of Rebellion (York, 1642), 5, 39, 40.

8. Gods Good Servant, and the Kings Good Subject (1642), 6–8.

9. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fo. 208.

10. For example, William Sclater, Papisto-Mastix, or Deborah’s Prayer against God’s Enemies (1642), 39; Edward Reynolds, Evgenia’s Teares for great Brittaynes Distractions (1642), 44; John Taylor, A Plea for Prerogative: Or, Give Caesar his due (1642), title page; The Soveraignty of Kings (1642).

11. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 69, fo. 108: Elizabeth Felton to Sir John Hobart.

12. Richard Towgood, Disloyalty of Language Questioned and Censured (Bristol, 1643), 36–7, 43–4.

13. Towgood, Disloyalty of Language, 1–2, 5–9, 36, 43, 51.

14. David Jenkins in 1647, quoted in Janelle Greenberg, The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution (Cambridge, 2001), 192.

15. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fo. 163.

16. ‘You are not firm in your designs,’ she charged him in Mar. 1642; in Oct. she urged him ‘to continue in your constant resolution to die rather than to submit basely’ (Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (1857), 56, 129).

17. The Knyvett Letters (1620–1644), ed. Bertram Schofield (Norfolk Record Society, 1949), 103.

18. British Library, Add. MS 70,003, fos. 236–7. For the curses of Shimei, see 2 Samuel, 16: 5–13.

19. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 63, fos. 66–7; Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report, pt. 1 (1876), 24; John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III. . . 1 Charles I to 18 Charles II (Clerkenwell, 1888), 179.

20. Vernon F. Snow and Anne Steele Young (eds.), The Private Journals of the Long Parliament 2 June to 17 September 1642 (New Haven and London, 1992), 136–7.

21. Leicestershire Archives, BR II/18/22/176.

22. TNA: PRO Chester 24/126.4.

23. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fo. 303.

24. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 88.

25. Journals of the House of Lords, vol. 5, 1642–1643 (1802), 656; House of Lords Record Office, Main Papers, HL/PO/JO/10/1/145.

26. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 89.

27. Norfolk Record Office, C/S3/34.

28. Journals of the House of Lords, vol. 7, 1644 (1802), 175.

29. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 97.

30. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/1/5, nos. 15–18.

31. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 101.

32. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 103.

33. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 118.

34. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 93.

35. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 94.

36. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 69, fo. 108.

37. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 12, fo. 23; MS Nalson 13, fo. 194; Huntington Library, MSS El. 7802, El. 8879, El. 8880 for verse libels against John Pym. See also Lloyd Bowen, ‘Seditious Speech and Popular Royalism, 1649–60’, in Jason McElligott and David Smith (eds.), Royalists and Royalism during the Interregnum (Manchester, 2009).

38. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 2, fo. 161.

39. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 82, 84. In August 1642 a Middlesex jury found guilty Elizabeth Humphries, wife of a Whitechapel yeoman, for scandalous words against the parliament, and fined her forty nobles (£13 13s. 4d.).

40. Englands Ioyalty, in Ioyful expressions, for the City of Londons safety (1641/2), 2–5. Rabshakeh was the Assyrian who taunted the Hebrews of Hezekiah, 2 Kings 18: 19–37, Isaiah 36: 1–22.

41. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fos. 163–163^v. Elliot claimed to have been a tutor to Prince Charles.

42. Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 63, fo. 83.

43. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 63, fo. 67.

44. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fos. 197, 198.

45. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fo. 208.

46. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 2, fos. 56, 87–90.

47. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 13, fo. 215.

48. TNA: PRO Chester 24/126/3.

49. Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 63, fos. 142–142^v, words of William Lord, reported 1 Sept. 1642.

50. Bodleian Library, MS Nalson 2, fos. 206–7.

51. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 90.

52. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 90, 178.

53. Norfolk Record Office, C/S3/34.

54. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 96. For more in this vein, see ibid., 92, 117, 123, 135.

55. Essex Record Office, Q/SBa 2/57–61.

56. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 98.

57. Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1652 (Harlow, 2007), 131; TNA: PRO SP 24, passim.

58. C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait (eds.), Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660 (3 vols., 1911), ii. 120–1, 193–4; Adele Hast, ‘State Treason Trials during the Puritan Revolution, 1640–1660’, Historical Journal, 15 (1972), 37–53.

59. Firth and Rait (eds.), Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, ii. 831–5, 844, 1038–42.

60. A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Thomas Birch (7 vols., 1742), iii. 398.

61. Firth and Rait (eds.), Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, ii. 397–402.

62. B. C. Redwood (ed.), Quarter Sessions Order Book, 1642— 1649 (Sussex Record Society, 54, 1954), 175: the case of Mr William Hippesley of Hurstpeirpoint, Sussex, in Apr. 1649.

63. James Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century (Surtees Society, Durham, 40, 1861), 24.

64. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/3/2, no. 102; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 25.

65. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/3/2, no. 165; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 25–6.

66. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/4/1, no. 190; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 46.

67. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 50.

68. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/5/5, fos. 73–6; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 55, 53n.

69. TNA: PRO SP 24/59.

70. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/4/3, nos. 98, 99.

71. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 194, 195, 207–8, 212, 250; TNA: PRO ASSI 45, passim.

72. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/5.5, fo. 27.

73. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 192, 284.

74. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 195.

75. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/3/2, no. 98.

76. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 39.

77. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 203.

78. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/4/1, no. 189; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 48.

79. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 53.

80. State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, i. 591.

81. State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, iii. 169.

82. State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, ii. 128–9.

83. State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, ii. 129.

84. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/5/1, fos. 72, 79.

85. State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, ii. 382–4.

86. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/5/1, fo. 120; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 67. Meaning punishment in store, the phrase refers to the soaking of birch rods in urine to strengthen them for beating children or malefactors.

87. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 72–3, 80n.

88. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/5/2, no. 57.

89. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 259, 264, 268, 271, 272, 274.

90. State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, iv. 55.

91. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson A. 26, fo. 431.

92. TNA: PRO ASSI 45/5/4, no. 7, ASSI 45/5/, fo. 6; Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 73–4. Browne is variously described as a labourer and a yeoman.

93. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments 1649–1659 (1989), 281.

94. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments 1649–1659, 242.

95. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 252.

96. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 259.

97. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 272,

98. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 80.

99. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 274, 276.

100. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report, app., 146.

CHAPTER 9

1. James Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century (Surtees Society, Durham, 40, 1861), 94, 95.

2. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III. . . 1 Charles Ito 18 Charles II (Clerkenwell, 1888), 304, 305, 306, 314, and passim. The essential studies are Buchanan Sharp, ‘Popular Political Opinion in England, 1660–1685’, History of European Ideas, 10 (1989), 13–29, and Tim Harris, ‘“There is None that Loves him but Drunk Whores and Whoremongers”: Popular Criticisms of the Restoration Court’, in Julia Marciari Alexander and Catherine Macleod (eds.), Politics, Transgression, and Representation at the Court of Charles II (New Haven, 2008), 33–56. Recent scholarship on Restoration political culture includes Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms, 1660–1685 (2005), and Grant Tapsell, The Personal Rule of Charles II 1681–85 (Woodbridge, 2007).

3. My calculation from the admittedly incomplete Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, and John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV. Indictments, Recognizances . . . 19 Charles II to 4 James II (Clerkenwell, 1892).

4. Sharp, ‘Popular Political Opinion in England 1660–1685’, 14. Indictments offer less precise identification of status than recognizances, for which see T. J. G. Harris, ‘Politics of the London Crowd in the Reign of Charles II’, Cambridge University Ph.D. thesis, 1984, app. one, where 152 ‘Whig’ speakers of seditious words include 23 gentlemen, 14 professionals, 45 retailers, 49 artisans, and 21 labourers.

5. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report (1876), 150.

6. Journal of the House of Commons, viii. 1660–1667 (1802), 36, 40.

7. Journal of the House of Lords, xi. 1660–1667 (1832), 26, 29, 30, 45–6.

8. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 84.

9. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 316.

10. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 304.

11. Sharp, ‘Popular Political Opinion in England 1660–1685’, 16.

12. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688 (1997), 153; Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 2; CSPD 1677–1678, 634; CSPD 1678, 27; CSPD Jan.-June 1683, 279, 280, 303; CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 364; CSPD 1684–1685, 228.

13. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 304.

14. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 86–7. Hodgson had been involved in the alleged Sowerby plot of 1660 to kill the newly returned king (Richard L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil: The Radical Underground in Britain, 1660–1663 (Oxford and New York, 1986), 30–1).

15. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 308.

16. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 83; TNA: PRO SP 29/7/145.

17. TNA PRO: ASSI 45/5/7, fos. 17, 24.

18. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 83.

19. TNA PRO: ASSI 45/5/7, fo. 81.

20. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 303.

21. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 304.

22. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 306.

23. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 305–6.

24. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 305.

25. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 85.

26. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 311.

27. Essex Record Office, Q/SR 392/52.

28. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 327.

29. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report (1876), 150, 154.

30. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1660–1675 (1995), 23–4.

31. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 84, 94.

32. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 309–10.

33. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 93n.

34. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 304.

35. CSPD 1675–1676, 547.

36. CSPD 1678, 256, 605.

37. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 176; CSPD 1670, 214–15.

38. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 99, 144.

39. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report, 174.

40. CSPD 1670, with Addenda, 1660 to 1670, 683.

41. ‘An act for safety and preservation of his majesties person and government against treasonable and seditious practices and attempts’ (13 Charles II. c. 1, 1661).

42. The Proceedings at the Sessions House. . . Against Anthony Earl of Shaftsbury (1681), 3–5, 33; A Complete Collection of State-Trials (6 vols., 1730), iii. 415.

43. The Speech and Declaration of John James (1661); The True and Perfect Speech of John James, a Baptist, and Firth-Monarchy-Man (1661); A Narrative of the Apprehending, Commitment, Arraignment, Condemnation, and Execution of John James (1662); ‘The Trial of John James, at the King’s Bench, for High-Treason’, in ‘A Barrister at Law’, Legal Recreations, or Popular Amusements in the Laws of England (2 vols., 1792), i. 245–60, which misdates it to 1662; T. B. Howell and T. J. Howell (eds.), A Complete Collection of State Trials (33 vols., 1809–28), vi. 67–104.

44. Rex v. Alicock, The English Reports: (1793), 1 Lev 57/83 ER 295. The statute of 13 Car. II c. 1 was also invoked in Rex v. Field, Field having preached that the Church of England was popish and superstitious, and that God would demand of all who obeyed it, ‘who required this at your hands?’ (English Reports: (1685), 1 Keb 209/98 ER 914).

45. CSPD 1678, 377, 380, 410, 570; Journal of the House of Commons, viii. 1667–1687, 517.

46. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 304, 305, 306, 314; CSPD Jan.—June 1683, 3, 181; The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674— 1913 (www.oldbaileyonline.org), trial of Phillip Wallis, 10 Dec. 1684.

47. CSPD 1682, 292, 506, 575–7, the case of Ferdinando Gorges.

48. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 227.

49. Clarendon to Charles II, quoted in Brian Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse (New Haven and London, 2005), 194.

50. Cowan, Social Life of Coffee, 195–8, 200–3, 208; CSPD 1675–1676, 465; CSPD1678, 295. On the Parisian ‘mouches’, see Arlette Farge, Subversive Words: Public Opinion in Eighteenth-Century France (University Park, PA, 1995), 137, 167; G. A. Kelly, ‘From Lèse-Majesté to Lese-Nation: Treason in Eighteenth-Century France’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 42 (1981), 269–86.

51. Steven Pincus, ‘“Coffee politicians does create” : Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995), 807–34; Cowan, Social Life of Coffee.

52. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 306, 310, 316, 335, 339.

53. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 88n.

54. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 327.

55. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 335, Vol. IV, 268–9.

56. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 101. For similar indictments in 1663, see S. C. Ratcliff and H. C. Johnson (eds.), Warwick County Records Volume VI. Quarter Sessions Indictment Book Easter, 1631, to Epiphany, 1674 (Warwick, 1941), 149.

57. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 116.

58. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 338.

59. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 339.

60. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 158n. Mayling was acquitted.

61. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 2. Northit’s case came to the Middlesex sessions in June 1667, when a jury found him ‘not guilty’.

62. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 176; CSPD 1670, 214–15. John Browne, the alleged speaker of these sedititious words, was acquitted at the York assizes and bound over to keep the peace.

63. CSPD 1671, 190.

64. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 26.

65. TNA PRO: ADM 106/283, fos. 209–10.

66. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 48.

67. CSPD 1676–1677, 308; CSPD Jan.-June 1683, 13, 22; CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 42.

68. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688, 36; CSPD 1682, 15.

69. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688, 23.

70. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 75. Said to be ‘diabolically affected’ to his majesty, Morris was found ‘not guilty’ in January 1677.

71. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 77.

72. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688, 81.

73. CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 430–1.

74. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688, 157; Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 162.

75. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 54.

76. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 47.

77. CSPD 1675–1676, 142.

78. CSPD 1675–1676, 432, 437.

79. CSPD 1678, 295.

80. Sharp, ‘Popular Political Opinion in England 1660–1685’, 17, 19.

81. CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 430–1.

82. CSPD 1682, 549; CSPD Jan.-June 1683, 77, 252, 262, 273.

83. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1660–1675, 56.

84. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 98, 101.

85. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 118.

86. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1660–1675, 119. Bromley was acquitted in 1664.

87. Richard L. Greaves, Enemies under his Feet: Radicals and Nonconformists in Britain, 1664–1677 (Stanford, 1990); Gary De Krey, London and the Restoration,1659–1683 (Cambridge, 2005).

88. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 116n.

89. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 130.

90. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 83n.

91. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 339.

92. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 134n.

93. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1660–1675, 176.

94. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 4.

95. Ratcliff and Johnson (eds.), Warwick County Records Volume VI, 177.

96. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1660–1675, 290.

97. CSPD 1672, 72.

98. CSPD 1672–1673, 453.

99. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 238.

100. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 78; CSPD 1680–1681, 151; CSPD 1682, 43; CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 81.

101. CSPD 1682, 292, 506, 575–7.

102. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 263.

103. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1660–1675, 11.

104. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 126, 134, 147, 267.

105. Sharp, ‘Popular Political Opinion in England 1660–1685’, 17.

106. CSPD 1671, 190.

107. CSPD 1675–1676, 142.

108. CSPD 1677–1678, 369, 407.

109. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 78.

110. For healths to the Duke of York, CSPD1673–1675, 95–6, 100; CSPD Jan.-June 1683, 3, 181; Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Phillip Wallis, Dec. 1684. For healths to Monmouth, CSPD Jan.-June 1683, 3, 181; CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 218. When Bartholomew Taylor raised his cup of ale in Dec. 1678 to offer a health to King Charles II, his drinking companion, William Shaw, labourer, responded: ‘God damn him! I will not pledge him.’ Shaw, a Catholic, was arraigned at the Middlesex sessions for ‘this extremely shocking speech’, and was fined £16 13s. and sent to Newgate until the fine was paid (Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 100).

111. CSPD 1675–1676, 464, 466.

112. CSPD 1678, 449.

113. The Tryal of William Stayley, Goldsmith; For Speaking Treasonable Words Against his Most Sacred Majesty (1678), 4–8, 10—n; Treason Justly Punished: Or, A Full Relation of the Condemnation, and Execution of Mr William Staley (1678), broadsheet; Complete Collection of State-Trials, ii. 652–6. The diarist Roger Morrice recorded on 15 Nov. 1678 that Stayley, ‘a young man that had travelled much beyond sea, and lives in Covent Garden, is apprehended and committed for speaking very desperate and horrid words against the king’ (The Entering Book of Roger Morrice, ed. Mark Goldie et al. (6 vols., Woodbridge, 2007), ii. 80).

114. Proceedings at the Sessions House. . . Against Anthony Earl of Shaftsbury, 9, n, 25, 27, 29, 43; Complete Collection of State-Trials, iii. 414–37. See also An Account at Large, of the Proceedings at the Sessions-House in the Old-Bayly, on the 24 of November 1681 (1681), 1–8.

115. Proceedings at the Sessions House. . . Against Anthony Earl of Shaftsbury, and various shorter printed summaries. For an example of the pressure on witnesses to provide incriminating testimony, see The Information of Capt. Hen. Wilkinson, of What hath passed betwixt him and some other Persons, who have attempted to prevail with him to Swear High Treason against the Earl of Shaftesbury (1681). For the diarist, see Entering Book of Roger Morrice, ed. Goldie et al., ii. 292. On Shaftesbury’s acquittal, Morrice reports: ‘the shout was very great and of long continuance, and very many bonfires made that night, it is said eighty between Aldersgate and Stocks market’ (ibid. 294).

116. CSPD 1682, 528–30.

117. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 152.

118. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 153.

119. CSPD Jan.—June 1683, 338. The truth of this report was undermined when it emerged that £600 was in dispute between Hugh Speke and his principal accuser, Robert Gargrave.

120. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688, 190.

121. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 201. He was fined £6 3s. 4d. in Feb. 1683.

122. CSPD 1682, 15.

123. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 162; CSPD 1682, 326.

124. CSPD 1680–1681, 151.

125. CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 81.

126. CSPD 1682, 201, 203, 359.

127. CSPD 1682, 327.

128. CSPD 1682, 358.

129. CSPD 1682, 549; CSPD Jan.-June 1683, 77, 252, 262, 273.

130. CSPD Jan.—June 1683, 276–7.

131. CSPD July-Sept. 1683, 42.

132. CSPD July—Sept. 1683, 94, 91. This may be connected to Rex v. Baker in 1687, in which Baker was found guilty at a second trial for speaking seditious words, English Reports: (1741) Carth 6/90 ER 609.

133. William Clifford, The Power of Kings, Particularly the British Monarchy Asserted and Vindicated (1682), 1, 18.

134. John Burrell, The Divine Right of Kings, Proved from the Principles of the Church of England (Cambridge, 1683), 11.

135. Paul Lathom, The Power of Kings from God (1683), 2, 14, 36, 38.

136. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688, 221. Cf. the statement of the London vintner Francis White in 1674, ‘that he cared not for a justice of the peace more than he valued a bog or a fart’ (Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 54).

CHAPTER 10

1. David Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1980), 177, based on ability to sign signatures.

2. James Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century (Surtees Society, Durham, 40, 1861), 265.

3. Buchanan Sharp, ‘Popular Political Opinion in England, 1660–1685’, History of European Ideas, 10 (1989), 22–4; John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV. Indictments, Recognizances . . . 19 Charles II to 4 James II (Clerkenwell, 1892), 289–94; The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913 (www.oldbaileyonline.org), trials of Phillip Wallis and John Ward, 10 Dec. 1684.

4. Thomas Crookhall was set in the stocks at Lytham, Lancashire, for speaking seditious words in 1687 (Lancashire Record Office, QSP/628/4).

5. CSPD 1685, 137–8. Mary of Modena had a series of stillborn and short-lived children, but no English queen died in 1685.

6. Worcestershire Record Office, Quarter Sessions, 1/1/185/6a-c. The claim that Charles II had been poisoned appeared in the Duke of Monmouth’s rebellion manifesto.

7. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 285–6.

8. CSPD 1685, 61.

9. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 284.

10. CSPD 1685, 11, 30, 37.

11. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records. Kent Indictments. Charles II 1676–1688 (1997), 237.

12. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 283.

13. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of James Audley, 14 Jan. 1687. He was acquitted, ‘it being looked upon as a malicious prosecution’.

14. Lancashire Record Office, Kenyon papers, DDKE/acc.7840 HMC/599. See also the report from May 1686 that Monmouth had been seen alive in female disguise in Bristol and Somerset, British Library, Add. MS 41804, fo. 168, cited in Tim Harris, ‘Scott [Crofts], James, Duke of Monmouth and First Duke of Buccleuch (1649–1685)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford) 2004.

15. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 284.

16. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 315.

17. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 283.

18. The Entering Book of Roger Morrice, ed. Mark Goldie et al. (6 vols., Wood-bridge, 2007), iii. 49, 309.

19. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 292.

20. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 313.

21. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 319.

22. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of John Seyton, 24 Feb. 1686.

23. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 319.

24. The Sentence of Samuel Johnson, at the Kings-Bench-Barr at Westminster (1686), broadsheet.

25. The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E. S. De Beer (6 vols., Oxford, 1955), iv. 609. R. B. Walker, ‘The Newspaper Press in the Reign of William III’, Historical Journal, 17 (1974), 691–709; E. S. De Beer, ‘The English Newspapers from 1695 to 1702’, in Mark Almeras Thomson, Ragnhild Marie Hatton, and J. S. Bromley (eds.), William III and Louis XIV (Liverpool and Toronto, 1968), 117–29.

26. CSPD 1689–1690, 112, 123, 308, 325, 341.

27. CSPD 1689–1690, 175.

28. Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, 290, 298, 299.

29. W. J. Hardy (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Calendar of Sessions Books 1689 to 1709 (1905), 5, 8, 11, 20, 21.

30. CSPD 1689–1690, 341, 343.

31. CSPD 1689–1690, 402, 420, 421, 459, 462, 492, 545; CSPD 1690–1691, 308; East Kent Archives, Dover Borough Quarter Sessions, Do/JS/d/03.

32. CSPD 1689–1690, 373.

33. CSPD 1689–1690, 2, 3, 196, 239, 270; CSPD 1690–1691, 74.

34. CSPD 1690–1691, 263.

35. The Post Boy and Historical Account, 23 July 1695; The Flying Post and Postmaster, 11 Apr. 1696; The Postman and the Historical Account, 17 Sept. 1696.

36. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of James Weames, 3 Sept. 1690.

37. Hardy (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Calendar of Sessions Books 1689 to 1709, 54.

38. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Ann Knot, 31 Aug. 1692.

39. CSPD 1695 and addenda, 51. See also CSPD 1696, 415; Hardy (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Calendar of Sessions Books 1689 to 1709, 139.

40. TNA: PRO ADM 106/482/242.

41. Worcestershire Record Office, Quarter Sessions Rolls, 1/1/176.

42. W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (rev. edn., 17 vols., Boston, 1922–72), viii. 313–16.

43. CSPD 1700–1702, 454, 461.

44. CSPD 1700–1702, 455.

45. CSPD 1700–1702, 454–5.

46. The Full Tryal, Examination, and Conviction of Mr James Taylor (1703); The English Reports: 2 Ld Raym 879 SC / (1795) 3 Salk 198 / 91 ER 775; TNA: PRO KB 33/5/5.

47. CSPD 1702–1703, 59, 66.

48. CSPD 1702–1703, 395.

49. CSPD 1702–1703, 638.

50. Richard Burn, Ecclesiastical Law (3rd edn., 4 vols., 1775), ii. 117.

51. TNA: PRO SP 34/3/43; CSPD 1703–1704, 144, 147–8.

52. London Gazette, no. 4252 (8–12 Aug. 1705).

53. Statutes of the Realm, 4 Anne. c. 8; 6 Anne, c. 7.

54. TNA: PRO SP 34/8/62.

55. Hardy (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Calendar of Sessions Books 1689 to 1709, 327, 346, 351.

56. TNA: PRO SP 34/12/80.

57. TNA: PRO SP 34/14/78.

58. TNA: PRO SP 34/15/160.

59. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Charles Collins, 11 Jan. 1712.

60. TNA: PRO SP 34/20/84.

61. The Evening Post, 23 July 1713.

CHAPTER 11

1. The social, cultural and political history of Hanoverian England is best approached through Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People. England1727–1783 (Oxford, 1989); H. T. Dickinson, The Politics of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1995); Julian Hoppit, A Land of Liberty? England1689–1727 (Oxford, 2000); Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People. England 1783–1846 (Oxford, 2006); and Hannah Smith, Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–1760 (Cambridge, 2006).

2. The London Journal, 4 Feb. 1721/2; The Public Advertiser, 12 Mar. 1766.

3. William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1716–21), i. 38, 39, 41.

4. Hawkins, Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown, i. 38, 39, 60.

5. Michael Foster, A Report of Some Proceedings… to which are added Discourses upon a few Branches of the Crown Law (Oxford, 1762), 200–7.

6. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 vols., Oxford, 1765–9), iv. 75, 79–80. See also ‘A Barrister at Law’, Legal Recreations, or Popular Amusements in the Laws of England (2 vols., 1792), i. 194–9 for a summary or plagiarism of Blackstone.

7. Nicholas Rogers, ‘Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London’, Past &Present, 79 (1978), repr. in Paul Slack (ed.), Rebellion, Popular Protest and the Social Order in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1984), 263–93; Nicholas Rogers, ‘Riot and Popular Jacobitism in Early Hanoverian England’, in Eve line Cruickshanks (ed.), Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759 (Edinburgh, 1982), 70–88; Jonathan D. Oates, ‘Jacobitism and Popular Disturbances in Northern England, 1714–1719’, Northern History, 41 (2004), 111–28. Contrast especially Paul Kleber Monod, Jacobitism and the English People,1688–1788 (Cambridge, 1989), esp. 233–66, and Nicholas Rogers, Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford, 1998), esp. 50–4.

8. The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913 (www.oldbaileyonline.org), trials of William Wide, 23 Feb. 1715, and John Bournois, 2 June 1715; The Evening Post, 12 Jan. 1717. See also The Weekly Journal with Fresh Advices, 30 Apr. 1715, for the case of George Goodwin, and The Flying Post or the Post Master, 28 June 1715, for Jacobites at Leeds.

9. Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, 247, 257; Rogers, Crowds, Culture, and Politics, 54.

10. St James’s Post, 11 July 1718; Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Robert Harrison, 9 July 1718; TNA: PRO SP 35/12, fo. 225, cited in Robert B. Shoemaker, The London Mob: Violence and Disorder in Eighteenth-Century England (2004), 98. See also Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Henry Whitehead, 10 Jan. 1718, for speaking ‘very flightingly of the king’s title and government’, calling King George a usurper.

11. The Evening Post, 25 Nov. 1718; The Annals of King George, Year the Sixth (1721), 391.

12. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Margaret Hicks, Apr. 1719, also cited in Rogers, Crowds, Culture, and Politics, 215.

13. The Evening Post, 3 Sept. 1719.

14. The Weekly Journal or Saturday’s Post, 22 Apr. 1721. See also The London Journal, 28 July 1722, and The Evening Post, 4 Sept. 1722, for the case of Philip and Elizabeth Jones; and The London Journal, 20 Aug. 1726, for Clement Hubbard at Norwich.

15. The Daily Post, 27 Feb. 1727/8. See also the case of George Farnham, The Daily Post, 25 Oct. 1728.

16. TNA: PRO SP 36/13, fo. 50.

17. TNA: PRO SP 36/20, fo. 36.

18. TNA: PRO SP 36/20, fos. 37, 39; SP 36/22. fos. 141–2.

19. TNA: PRO KB 33/5/6.

20. TNA: PRO SP 36/64, fos. 131–3.

21. TNA: PRO SP 36/64, fo. 156; The London Evening Post, 17 July 1744.

22. TNA: PRO TS 11/179, no. 785.

23. TNA: PRO TS 11/179, no. 792; TS 11/944, no. 3424.

24. East Riding of Yorkshire Archives and Records Service, QSF/159/B/19.

25. Surrey History Centre, Sessions Bundles, QS2/6/1747/Xms/30.

26. English Reports, 1 Black W 37/96 ER 20.

27. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Charles Farrel, 3 June 1756.

28. W. Stubbs and G. Talmash, The Crown Circuit Companion (4th edn., 1768), 479–81; ‘Barrister at Law’, Legal Recreations, i. 204–5; [Spencer Perceval, attrib.], The Duties and Powers of Public Officers (1792?), 7–8.

29. G. A. Kelly, ‘From Lèse-Majesté to Lese-Nation: Treason in Eighteenth-Century France’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 42 (1981), 269–86; Arlette Farge, Subversive Words: Public Opinion in Eighteenth-Century France (University Park, PA, 1995), 137, 167; Lisa Jane Graham, If the King Only Knew: Seditious Speech in the Reign of Louis XV (Charlottesville, VA, 2000), 1–2.

30. Home Office ‘Information’, 26 Nov. 1792; Lord Grenville to Buckingham, 1 Dec. 1792, quoted in Clive Emsley, ‘The London “Insurrection” of December 1792: Fact, Fiction, or Fantasy?’ Journal of British Studies, 17 (1978), 73, 81.

31. John Barrell, Imagining the King’s Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide1793–1796 (Oxford, 2000); Michael Lobban, ‘Treason, Sedition and the Radical Movement in the Age of the French Revolution’, Liverpool Law Review, 22 (2000), 210–17; Clive Emsley, ‘The Home Office and its Sources of Information and Investigation 1791–1801’, English Historical Review, 94 (1979), 532–61.

32. By the King. A Proclamation (21 May 1792).

33. The Trial of John Frost for Seditious Words (1794), 9; Lobban, ‘Treason, Sedition and the Radical Movement’, 206, 208.

34. The World, 6 Nov. 1793, the trial of William Powis.

35. Philip Harling, ‘The Law of Libel and the Limits of Repression, 1790–1832’, Historical Journal, 44 (2001), 107–34. See also the coverage of these trials in such newspapers as The Morning Post and The Evening Mail.

36. The Evening Mail, 27 May 1793; The Morning Post, 14 June 1793; The Trial of John Frost for Seditious Words, 2, 9; T. B. Howell and T. J. Howell (eds.), A Complete Collection of State Trials (33 vols., 1809–28), xxii. 471–522.

37. The Trial of Wm. Winterbotham . . . For Seditious Words (1794).

38. The Morning Post, 7 Dec. 1793; The Trial of Thomas Briellat, For Seditious Words (1794). The victualler William Francis of Prittlewell, Essex, was likewise tried for saying ‘Damn the king and country too: if the French come I wonder who the hell will not join them’ (TNA: PRO TS 11/924, no. 3238). Three years later Briellat was in America, settled on a farm in Kentucky (The Telegraph, 8 Sept. 1796).

39. The Law of Treason. A Concise and Comprehensive View of the Power and Duty of Grand Juries (1794).

40. Harling, ‘Law of Libel’, 108–10. See also Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England 1750— 1900 (1987), 21, 204; Steve Poole, The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome Subjects (Manchester, 2000), 96. Among many reports that did not lead to indictment was that of Ebenezer Hollick of Whittlesford, Cambridgeshire, who allegedly said in Feb. 1793 that it would have been better to burn George III than Paine’s Rights of Man (Emsley, ‘The Home Office and its Source of Information’, 542).

41. TNA: PRO ASSI 23/8 (pt. 2), fo. 411.

42. The World, 13 and 20 Aug. 1793.

43. TNA: PRO TS 11/506, no. 1662.

44. The Sun, 1 Aug. 1793.

45. The Morning Post, 4 Nov. 1793; The News, 4 Nov. 1793; The World, 10 Dec. 1793. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of William Hudson, 4 Dec. 1793.

46. The World, 12 Apr. 1794.

47. The Oracle and Public Advertiser, 10 Sept. 1794.

48. TNA: PRO ASSI 23/8 (pt. 2), fo. 426.

49. The Times, 17 Jan. 1794, cited in Lobban, ‘Treason, Sedition and the Radical Movement’, 207.

50. TNA: PRO ASSI 23/8 (pt. 2), fo. 424.

51. TNA: PRO HO 42/32/263, HO 42/33/41.

52. The Oracle and Public Advertiser, 3 Apr. 1794, 2 May 1794.

53. The Morning Chronicle, 16 Sept. 1794.

54. TNA: PRO TS 11/944, no. 3433; HO/47/20. Evidence that Swift was ‘very much intoxicated’, and had given a lifetime to the king’s naval service, did not protect him from eighteen months in gaol.

55. TNA PRO KB 33/6/5; TS 11/45, no. 167; The Times, 28 July 1795, 3; The Trial of Henry Yorke for Conspiracy (1795).

56. William Cobbett and T. C. Hansard (eds.), Parliamentary History (36 vols., 1806–20). xxxii. 1818.

57. The Star, 30 July 1796; The Telegraph, 1 Aug. 1796; The True Briton, 1 Aug. 1796.

58. TNA: PRO TS 11/505, no. 1661.

59. Treasonable and Seditious Practices Act of 1795 (36 Geo. III, c. 7), in E. Neville Williams (ed.), The Eighteenth-Century Constitution 1688–1815 (Cambridge, 1960), 425–6; Barrell, Imagining the King’s Death, 30–6, 583.

60. 36 Geo. III. c. 8.

61. Clive Emsley, ‘Repression, “Terror” and the Rule of Law in England during the Decade of the French Revolution’, English Historical Review, 100 (1985), 801–25.

62. Iain McCalman, ‘Ultra-Radicalism and Convivial Debating-Clubs in London, 1795–1838’, English Historical Review, 102 (1987), 309, 312; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), 676.

63. Howell and Howell (eds.), Complete Collection of State Trials, xxii. 477–8.

64. Justin Champion, ‘“May the last king be strangled in the bowels of the last priest”: Irreligion and the English Enlightenment, 1649–1789’, in Timothy Morton and Nigel Smith (eds.), Radicalism in British Literary Culture, 1650–1830: From Revolution to Revolution (Cambridge, 2002), 29.

65. Surrey History Centre, Borough of Guildford Quarter Sessions, BR/QS/2/8.

66. TNA: PRO ASSI 23/8 (pt. 2), fo. 498.

67. The True Briton, 15 Apr. 1800.

68. The London Packet or New Lloyd’s Evening Post, 16 June 1800. See also the case of Francis Brooks, labourer, in 1803, who said: ‘Damn and bugger the bloody king, if I had him here and a pistol I would shoot him.’ He was sentenced to a public whipping and three months in prison (TNA TS 11/506, no. 1659). Richard Mountain, a former militia man, disappointed of a seat on the mail coach from Deptford to London, launched into an invective against the king, saying ‘he wished he had the shaking of his bloody head, and that he did not mind putting him to death’, and damned all kings and aristocrats. A jury at Maidstone in 1801 found him guilty of speaking seditious words (The Times, 31 July 1801 (repr. in The Times, 31 July 1901, 13)).

69. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Jesse Hilliar, 3 Dec. 1800.

70. The Times, 10 Jan. 1807.

71. The Times, 7 May 1810, 3.

72. Linda Colley, ‘The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation 1760–1820’, Past & Present, 102 (1984), 113. On hostile cartoons, see M. D. George, English Political Caricature: A Study of Opinion and Propaganda (2 vols., Oxford, 1959–60); Kenneth Baker, The Kings and Queens: An Irreverent Cartoon History of the British Monarchy (1996); Tamara Hunt, Defining John Bull: Political Caricature and National Identity in Late Georgian England (2003).

73. [House of Commons], Political Libel and Seditious Conduct (1821); TNA: PRO KB 33/24/2.

74. TNA: PRO TS 11/1047, no. 4560; The Times, 13 Aug. 1813, 4.

75. A Yorkshire prosecutor declared in 1813 ‘that the effects of liquor were not to suggest seditious thoughts, but merely to remove those restraints under which evil disposed men were held by the terrors of the law while in a state of sobriety’ (The Times, 13 Aug. 1813, 4).

76. 57 Geo. III, c. 6.

77. Michael Lobban, ‘From Seditious Libel to Unlawful Assembly: Peterloo and the Changing Face of Political Crime’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 10 (1990), 310.

78. 60 Geo. III. c. 4.

79. Lobban, ‘From Seditious Libel to Unlawful Assembly’, 307–52; Michael Bush, The Casualties of Peterloo (Lancaster, 2005); Robert Poole, ‘“By the Law or the Sword”: Peterloo Revisited’, History, 91 (2006), 254–76; Robert Poole, ‘The March to Peterloo: Politics and Festivity in Late Georgian England’, Past & Present, 192 (2006), 109–53.

80. The Leeds Mercury, 28 Aug. 1819; The Morning Chronicle, 31 Aug. 1819 and 18 Mar. 1820.

81. TNA: PRO TS 11/45, no. 167; Malcolm Chase, ‘Wedderburn, Robert (1762–1835/6?)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004–7).

82. TNA: PRO TS 11/48, no. 186.

83. TNA: PRO TS 11/91, no. 295.

84. TNA: PRO TS 11/48, no. 190.

85. The Times, 13 Nov. 1837, 5; The Times, 20 Nov. 1837, 6; English Reports, (1837) 7 Ad & E 536// 112 ER 572.

86. 11 and 12 Victoria, c. 12; Poole, Politics of Regicide, 198–9. For ‘certain scandalous and seditious words of and concerning our lady the queen and government’ allegedly spoken by Chartists, see The Times, 8 June 1848, 8; 26 June 1848, 3; 11 July 1848, 6; 4 Aug. 1848, 8; 24 Aug. 1848, 7.

87. The New Gagging Bill (1848), Bodleian Library, Firth ballads, c. 16 (45).

88. The Times, 24 June 1846.

89. The Graphic, 22 Nov. 1879.

90. Trial of John Burns, Henry Hyde and others, The Manchester Times, 20 Feb. 1886; The Daily News, 12 Apr. 1886; The Times, 6 Apr. 1886, 10; 7 Apr. 1886, 6; 12 Apr. 1886, 9.

91. 2 and 3 Victoria, c. 47, section 54, item 13; The Public Order Act, 1986, section 40, schedule 3.

92. The Times, 17 Feb. 1919, 7; 10 Mar. 1919, 7.

93. TNA: PRO HO 144/1514/376831, minutes, 23 Apr. 1919.

94. TNA: PRO HO 144/1514/376831, minutes and reports, 18 June—8 July 1919.

95. TNA: PRO HO 144/1514/376831, Home Office circular, 18 Feb. 1919 ‘secret’ memorandum, 22 Apr. 1919.

96. TNA: PRO HO 144/1514/376831, memoranda, Nov. 1919.

97. TNA: PRO HO 144/9486. This archived document was closed until 2029, but later received ‘accelerated opening’. The reference to tares and wheat invoked the Christian parable of the sower.

98. Law Commission of England and Wales, Working Paper No 72 . . . Codification of the Criminal Law— Treason, Sedition and Allied Offences (1977).

99. European Convention on Human Rights (1950–1966); Human Rights Act, 1998 (C. 42).

100. Public Order Act, 1986 (C. 64), section 18.

101. Crime and Disorder Act, 1998 (C. 37), amended 2001; Racial or Religious Hatred Act, 2006 (C. 1).

102. Terrorism Act 2006 (C. 11), section 1; Ralf Dahrendorf, ‘Free Speech on Trial’, www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/dahrendorf45, at 24 Nov. 2006.

103. See the website www.throneout.com, ‘dedicated to removing the royal pimple from the arse of Britain’; ‘Diana murdered, Al Fayed claims’, http://news.bbc.co.uk (18 Feb. 2008).

CHAPTER 12

1. Quotes and references are from Chs. 3 and 4.

2. See Ch. 5 for sources.

3. See Chs. 6 and 7.

4. See Ch. 8.

5. See Ch. 9.

6. See Chs. 10 and 11.

7. CSPD. . . Addenda 1566–1579, 521; TNA: PRO SP 15/25/47.

8. TNA: PRO SP 12/259/16.

9. The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1939), ii. 370.

10. Acts of the Privy Council 1628–1629, 143, 159; TNA: PRO SP 16/116/56, SP 16/117/73, SP 16/118/77.

11. TNA: PRO SP 16/221/41.

12. TNA: PRO SP 12/44/52, SP 12/235/81, SP 12/99/53.

13. TNA: PRO SP 16/116/92.

14. The Works of. . . William Laud, D.D., ed. William Scott and James Bliss (7 vols., Oxford, 1847–60), i. 191, 195.

15. A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Thomas Birch (7 vols., 1742), ii. 2, 382–4.

16. CSPD 1675–1676, 465; CSPD 1678, 295.

17. CSPD 1682, 576.

18. William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (2 vols., 1716–21), i. 38, 39, 60.

19. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. J. S. Brewer et al. (23 vols., 1862–1932), vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 36.

20. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Home Circuit Indictments. Elizabeth I and James I: Introduction (1985), 23.

21. TNA: PRO SP14/128/54; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 156–7, 174.

22. TNA: PRO SP14/18/69, 73.

23. Acts of the Privy Council 1627–1628, 297–8; Acts of the Privy Council 1630–1631, 227–8.

24. TNA: PRO SP 16/106/27, SP 16/25/65.

25. TNA: PRO PC 2/48, fo. 88^v.

26. Samuel Rezneck, ‘Constructive Treason by Words in the Fifteenth Century’, American Historical Review, 33 (1928), 544–52, quotations at 548n. and 551.

27. John Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction (1979), 31–2; G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, 1972), 264–87.

28. Statutes of the Realm, 13 Eliz. I, c. 1.

29. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (eds.), Tudor Royal Proclamations, ii. The Later Tudors (1553–1587) (London and New Haven, 1969), 341.

30. Thomas Norton, ‘A warning agaynst the dangerous practises of Papistes, and specially the parteners of the late rebellion’, in All such treatises as have been lately published by Thomas Norton (1570), sigs. Ci, Ci(v).

31. John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593–1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (1894), 372.

32. TNA: PRO SP 16/135/35.

33. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III (Clerkenwell, 1888), 304, 305, 306, 314; CSPD Jan. -June 1683, 3, 181; The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913 (www.oldbaileyonline.org), trial of Phillip Wallis, 10 Dec. 1684.

34. ‘An act for safety and preservation of his majesties person and government against treasonable and seditious practices and attempts’ (13 Charles II. c. 1, 1661).

35. W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (rev. edn., 17 vols., Boston, 1922–72), viii. 313–16.

36. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. xii, pt. 2, p. 376.

37. TNA: PRO SP 14/143/18, 19; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 484.

38. TNA: PRO SP 16/318/76.

39. TNA: PRO SP 16/369/25.

40. TNA: PRO SP 16/393/24.

41. CSPD 1675–1676, 432, 437.

42. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Margaret Hicks, Apr. 1719.

43. Walter Rye (ed.), Depositions Taken before the Mayor and Aldermen of Norwich,1549–1567 (Norwich, 1905), 56–7.

44. TNA: PRO SP12/13/21.

45. TNA: PRO SP16/26/49.

46. TNA: PRO SP16/29/40.

47. TNA: PRO SP 16/25/65.

48. TNA: PRO SP 16/369/25.

49. House of Lords Record Office, Main Papers, HL/PO/JO/10/1/35.

50. Elton, Policy and Police, 137.

51. Elton, Policy and Police, 100, 123–4.

52. TNA: PRO SP 12/259/16, 21; Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 114.

53. TNA: PRO SP14/117/38, 39, 40; Acts of the Privy Council 1619–1621, 363.

54. TNA: PRO SP14/122/145, SP 14/123/20.

55. TNA: PRO SP 16/293/97, SP 16/296/45.

56. TNA: PRO 16/447/104.

57. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, trial of Jesse Hilliar, 3 Dec. 1800.

58. The Times, 13 Aug. 1813, 4.

59. Acts of the Privy Council 1577–1578, 404, 421–2.

60. TNA: PRO SP 12/256/53.

61. Acts of the Privy Council 1616–1617, 411.

62. TNA: PRO SP 14/143/18, 19; Acts of the Privy Council 1621–1623, 484.

63. TNA: PRO SP 16/262/16, SP 16/262/67.

64. Elton, Policy and Police, 11.

65. Acts of the Privy Council 1581–1582, 417–18.

66. CSPD 1619–1623, 92–3; TNA: PRO SP 14/111/14.

67. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 51/54, fo. 100.

68. TNA: PRO SP 12/269/22, SP 12/270/105.

69. TNA: PRO SP 16/33/60, SP 16/38/20.

70. TNA: PRO SP 16/89/61.

71. TNA: PRO SP 16/163/61.

72. Rex v. Alicock, The English Reports: (1793) 1 Lev 57/83 ER 295.

73. TNA: PRO SP 16/148/66.

74. Bodleian Library, MS Bankes 19/4, fos. 6–7.

75. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments. Elizabeth I (1979), 77.

76. J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Calendar of Assize Records: Essex Indictments. Elizabeth I (1978), 373.

77. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. III, 93.

78. John Cordy Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV (Clerkenwell, 1892), 285–6.

79. Jeaffreson (ed.), Middlesex County Records. Vol. IV, 319.