Index
Abbott, Edward, 56
ABMTs, see bone marrow transplants, autologous
ABO regimen, 204
abortion, 199
Achilles, 405
Actinomyces, 122
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3, 7, 34, 93, 164, 166, 228, 452
brain as “sanctuary” for, 127, 442
cure rate for, 7, 12, 104, 170, 171, 228, 231, 232, 401
remissions of, 127, 190, 338–39, 400, 448–49
research consortium for, 130–31, 133, 144
acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), 407–10
Adams, Jim, 113
adenoma, 385
affluent society, 23
Africa, sub-Saharan, 175
age, cancer as related to, 6, 44, 230, 300–303
age-adjusting, of mortality rates, 230–31, 232–33, 330
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 182
as metaphor for social and political ills, 316
naming of, 14
1980s epidemic of, 165, 315–19
oncologists and, 316–17
stigmatization of, 316
see also HIV
AIDS activists:
access to experimental therapies demanded by, 319, 322, 424
public campaign of, 318–19
Akhmatova, Anna, 461
alizarin, 82
ALL, see acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Allen, Woody, 384
Allgemeines Krankenhaus, 58–59, 62
All’s Well That Ends Well (Shakespeare), 191
American Association for Cancer Research, 24–25
American Cancer Society (ACS), 111–12, 172, 180, 259, 266, 296
American Cyanamid Corporation, 31
American Heart Association, 259
American Lung Association, 266
American Medical Association, 110, 251
American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC), 111, 112, 253, 254
see also American Cancer Society
American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 326–27, 427–29
American Surgical Association, 67–68, 78
amethopterin, 143
see also VAMP regimen
aminopterin, 12, 33, 35, 36, 95, 96, 101, 121, 162, 220, 406, 433
aminotriazole, 457
anatomy:
cancer’s distortion of, 59
Halsted’s study of, 61
Vesalius’s study of, 51–53
Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Burton), 335
Andersson, Ingvar, 300
anemia, 27–29, 30, 31, 88, 203
folic acid and, 31
angiogenesis, 387, 388, 389, 391, 407, 443, 458
aniline, 81–82, 84, 87, 340, 432
resistance to, 132
for Her-2, 416–22
humanizing of, 418–19
antiemetics, 205–6
antiestrogen, 216
antifolates, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 87, 91, 92, 95, 96, 100, 103, 114, 121, 136, 162, 406
antimalaria drugs, 130
antinausea drugs, 226
anti-oncogenes, see tumor suppressor genes
antisepsis, 57–58
antitobacco campaigns, 401, 446
Antman, Karen, 426
Apollo space program, 178–79, 186
Archaemedes, 48
asbestos, 276–77, 278, 388, 390, 456
Asclepius, 40
asparaginase, 127
associations, as characteristic of American culture, 107–8
Atacama Desert, mummies of, 42–43, 45
Atlantic Monthly, 264
atomic bomb, 119
Atossa, Queen of Persia, 5, 41–42
thought experiment involving, 463–65, 467
ATP, 31
Au antigen, 279–80
Auden, W. H., 448
Auerbach, Oscar, 258–59, 284, 286, 289, 384–85, 386
Aufderheide, Arthur, 42–44, 45
Australian aborigines, 279
autopsy, meaning of word, 53
Avastin, 443
Avedon, Richard, 303
Avery, Oswald, 344–45
as cause of infection, 57
lateral transmission of genes in, 344
as research subjects, 20, 204, 277–78, 349, 455
Bailar, John, 229, 230–34, 329–32
Baillie, Matthew, 53–54
Bainbridge, William, 32
Baltimore, David, 353, 354, 371, 431
Bang the Drum Slowly, 181
Bannister, Roger, 439
Bari, Italy, 89–90
Bayer, 87
Bayne-Jones, Stanhope, 260
Bazell, Robert, 429
Bcr-abl oncogene, 431, 433–34, 435, 467–68
Gleevec-resistant, 442
Bcr gene, 431
Beadle, George, 345
Beatson, George, 214, 215, 216, 217, 456, 466
Becquerel, Henri, 73–74
Bellevue Hospital, 61–62
Belloc, Hilaire, 11
Bennett, John, 12–13, 14, 16, 44, 341, 365, 430, 431, 466
benzene compounds, 278
Beowulf, 363
Berne, Germaine, 467–70
Bertipaglia, Leonard, 49
Beth Israel hospital, 313, 321
Bezwoda, Werner, 321, 323–24, 326–28
Biermer, Michael Anton, 17
biliary cancer, 381
Billroth, Theodor, 58–59, 62, 67
Bishop, J. Michael, 352, 359–63, 364, 365, 369, 370, 371, 375, 380, 418
black bile, 48–50, 53, 79, 214
black fever, 245
bladder cancer, 71
Blake, William, 237
Blatnik, John, 263
hematopoietic stem cells and, 458
umbilical, 398–99
see also red blood cells; white blood cells
blood antigens, 279–80
Bloodgood, Joseph, 65
Blumberg, Baruch, 278–81
Bologna, Italy, 434–35
Bonadonna, Gianni, 220–21, 222, 228
bone marrow:
biopsies of, 7, 17–18, 36, 147
as blood cell factory, 17–18, 29, 309, 407, 458
effect of nitrogen mustard on, 88, 90
bone marrow transplants, 398–99, 421
bone marrow transplants, autologous (ABMTs), 308, 309–10
Bezwoda’s claimed successes with, 323–24, 326–37
Bezwoda’s falsified data on, 327–28
dearth of clinical trials for, 325–26
escalating use of, 321–27
legal mandates for, 325
lethal complications associated with, 326, 328
secondary cancer as risk of, 325, 328
STAMP protocol for, 310, 311–15, 320, 325, 326, 328–29
bone tumors (osteosarcomas), 43
bortezomib (Velcade), 443
Boston Braves, 97–99, 102, 172
Boveri, Theodor, 341–42, 343, 348, 350, 365, 366, 390
Boyd, Norman, 299
Bradfield, Barbara, 419–22, 454
brain:
radiation therapy and, 127
as “sanctuary” for leukemia, 127, 146–47, 442
brain cancer:
genomes of, 450–52
radiation therapy for, 77
surgical removal of, 71–72
Brandt, Allan, 242
breast cancer:
adjuvant chemotherapy for, 220–21, 222, 402, 464
as age-related, 302
bone marrow transplants and, 312–13, 314, 320, 321–29
chemotherapy for, 122–23, 162, 232, 306, 308–9, 329, 427–28
ER-positive vs. ER-negative, 215, 221, 222–23, 456, 464
genomes of, 450, 451, 457, 464
Halsted and, 6, 23, 60, 64–69, 70–71, 73, 78, 173, 193–95, 196, 197, 198, 218, 225, 291, 463
Her-2 positive, 413–22, 423–29, 454, 464
hormonal therapies for, 214–17, 218, 221–22, 456, 464, 466
inflammatory, 41–44
local surgery (lumpectomy) combined with radiation for, 195–96, 197, 201, 464
metastasis of, 67, 76, 161, 197, 217, 218, 221, 302–3, 314, 322, 325, 329, 419, 422, 424, 463, 465
mortality rates in, 296, 297, 300–301, 401–2, 465
radiation therapy for, 75–76, 77, 158, 161, 195–96, 201, 464
relapses of, 64, 66–69, 197, 208, 221, 329, 419
remissions in, 217, 222, 314, 454, 456
screening and, 457, 464; see also mammography
stages of, 67, 218, 222, 428, 463, 464
surgeons as dominating field of, 219
surgery on, 58, 59, 62, 195–96, 197, 201, 402, 456, 464; see also mastectomies
targeted therapies for, 413–22, 443, 454, 464, 465
as unmentionable topic, 26–27
Breast Cancer Action (BCA), 425–26
Breast Cancer Action Newsletter, 423
Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP), 296–98, 302
Breast Cancer Symposium, 320
breast exams, 295n
Brenner, Sydney, 345
Brian’s Song, 181
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 30, 189
Bristol-Myers Squibb, 442
British American Tobacco, 274
British Medical Journal, 246
broadcast media:
cigarette advertising on, 265–67
fairness doctrine for, 265–66, 267
Broder, Samuel, 135
Brodeur, Paul, 267
bronchogenic carcinoma, 244
Brown, John, 60
Brown & Williamson, 273
Brugge, Joan, 358
Brunschwig, Alexander, 70–71
Buchdunger, Elisabeth, 433, 435
Burchenal, Joseph, 92, 130, 132, 167n, 184, 338
Burdette, Walter, 261
Burkitt, Denis, 174–75
Burkitt’s lymphoma, 174–75, 207
Burroughs Wellcome laboratory, 91, 92
Burstein, Harold, 447
Burton, Robert, 335
Bush, Vannevar, 118–21, 122, 183, 404
BusinessWeek, 111
BVP regimen, 205
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 38
Cairns, John, 227–29, 231, 350
California, University of:
at Los Angeles (UCLA), 415, 417, 418, 420–21, 424
at San Francisco (UCSF), 359–60, 418, 424
Calvino, Italo, 412
Camel cigarettes, 268
Canadian National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS), 298–300, 302
cancer:
Achilles’ heels of, 405–7, 443
as age-related disease, 6, 44, 230, 300–303
in ancient world, 40–42, 43–44, 47–49
causes of, see carcinogenesis
cell growth in, see hyperplasia, pathological
centrifugal theory of, 194–95, 199
chemotherapy for, see chemotherapy
as clonal disease, 39
commonalities of, 333
detection of, 44
as doppelgänger, 38–39
drug resistance in, 441–43
Galen’s theory of, 48–50, 53–54, 55, 79, 90, 214, 238, 281, 342, 434, 463
hallmarks of, 390–92, 407, 443, 449
heritability of, 253, 346–47, 381
as iconic “modern” illness, 38, 241
immortality of, 6, 312, 458–59
increasing rate of, 24
limitless replicative potential of, 391
local to systemic progression of, 405
as metaphor for social and political ills, 182–83
metastasis of, see metastasis, metastases
as migratory, 386, 387, 388, 391, 442, 467
morphological change in cells of, 288–89
mortality rates of, see mortality rates, of cancer
mutation in, see mutation, genetic
natural anatomy distorted by, 59
origin of term, 47
perceived as infectious, 175
perceived as single disease, 155, 173, 332–33
presymptomatic stages of, 290
in public discourse, 111–13, 181–83
radiation as cause of, 77–78, 173
radiation therapy for, see radiation therapy
Red Queen syndrome and, 443, 444, 446, 470
relative malignancy of, 292
as resistant to cell death signals, 391, 402, 407
as revealed by longevity, 44
six-degrees-of-separation rule for, 412
smoking and, see tobacco-cancer link
social challenge of, 447
social change as affecting incidence of, 44–45
specificity of, 80–81, 84–88, 90–92, 210, 222, 433
stages of, 55, 67, 160–61, 163, 164–65, 289, 290, 384–86, 463
surgery for, see surgery
survival rates of, 292–93
as systemic disease, 79, 80, 138, 172, 405
targeted therapies for, see targeted therapies
tumors, see tumors
see also specific cancers
Cancer: The Evolutionary Legacy, 46
“Cancer: The Great Darkness,” 23–24
Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB), 320
Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC), 122
Cancer Genome Atlas, 450–54
Cancer Genome Atlas consortium, 450–51
cancer patients:
access to experimental therapies demanded by, 319, 321–23, 423–26
doctors’ relationships with, 199, 202, 209, 306–8, 449
identity of, as obliterated by cancer, 4, 398
and Internet chat rooms, 438, 467
“seventh sense” of, 2
cancer prevention, 229–30, 233–34, 238–39, 242, 281, 455–58
Ames test and, 278, 303, 455–56
Auerbach’s research and, 258–59, 284, 286, 289
primary vs. secondary, 290
risk factors and, 44, 276, 303, 445–46, 455–57
screening in, see screening
smoking and, see tobacco-cancer link
social networks and, 445–46
understanding of carcinogenesis as critical to, 284–85, 303
cancer registry, 227–28
cancer research:
boldness vs. caution in, 130, 137–38, 139, 140, 144, 164, 166, 167, 208, 310
clinical trials in, see protocols
clinical vs. laboratory-based, 337, 339, 354–55, 375, 402, 404, 455–56
Congress and, 24–25, 113–14, 122, 150, 177, 184–89, 455
effect of AIDS crisis on, 319
as historically underfunded, 23–25
“one cause, one cure” approach in, 93, 155, 173, 223, 332–33, 342–43, 403
relevance of past in, 466
understanding of carcinogenesis downplayed in, 304
World War II and, 26
see also specific cancers, researchers, and therapies
Cancer Research, 254
“cancer stem cells,” 458–59
“Cancer Undefeated” (Bailar and Gornik), 330–32
Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 4, 181, 316, 461
Canellos, George, 159, 162, 163, 164, 207, 220, 312, 313
Cantor, David, 235
Cantor, Eddie, 94
Carbone, Paul, 219–20
Carboplatin, 403–4
carcinogenesis, 285
Auerbach’s research on, 258–59, 284, 286, 289, 384–85, 386
chromosomes and, 341–42, 343, 348, 365–66, 402
as downplayed by researchers, 304
epidemiology and, 276
genetic mutation as mechanism of, 6, 39, 176, 278, 357, 362, 364–69, 370, 380–83, 384–88, 390–92, 403, 406, 449–50, 462, 464–65
internal vs. external agents in, 342, 349, 350
molecular model of, 388–90
premalignant stages of, 385
prevention as dependent on understanding of, 284–85, 303
risk factors and, 44, 276, 303, 349, 445–46, 455–57
somatic mutation hypothesis of, 173–74
two-hit hypothesis for, 367–69, 376, 377, 380
unitary cause of, 342, 347, 348, 390
Varmus/Bishop (proto-oncogene) theory of, 361–63, 364, 369, 370, 375, 380
carcinogens:
DNA as damaged by, 75, 77, 122, 351, 406, 462
environmental, 173–74, 176, 238, 349, 388, 446, 456–57
genes as, see oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes
genetic mutation caused by, 278, 362, 364
inflammations as, 281, 284, 303, 340, 388, 456n
mutagens as, 278, 303, 347, 348, 362, 364, 406, 456
radiation as, 77–78, 347, 349, 364, 389
tobacco as, see tobacco-cancer link
viral, 173, 174–76, 278–81, 303, 342–43, 349–50, 351–56, 357, 362
Carey, William, 180
Carroll, Lewis, 357, 360, 362, 441, 443
case-control studies, 245, 246–47, 276, 280, 294
Castle, William, 11
causality:
Hill’s postulates for, 255–56
Koch’s postulates for, 254, 382
see also carcinogenesis; carcinogens
Cautions against the Immoderate Use of Snuff (Hill), 239–40, 276
cell death (apoptosis), 391, 402, 407
cell growth:
hyperplastic, see hyperplasia
hypertrophic, 15
neoplastic, see neoplasia
cell phones, glioma and, 446–47
cells:
membranes of, 410–11
normalcy vs. abnormalcy of, 449, 459
cellular theory of disease, 14–16
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 315
cervical cancer, 381n
Pap smears and, 288–90, 331, 385, 401
premalignant stage of, 385
CGP57148, see Gleevec
Chappaquiddick scandal, 179
Charlotte’s Law, 325
“chemical castration,” 213, 215
chemicals, synthetic, 81–86, 91, 277
medicine and, 83–84
chemical stains, 84–85
chemotherapy, 7, 114, 304, 355, 448
adjuvant, 219, 220–21, 222, 223, 320, 400, 464
bone marrow transplants in, see bone marrow transplants
for breast cancer, 122–23, 162, 232, 306, 308–9, 427–28
“cancer stem cells” and, 458–59
cure rates for, 228, 231; see also specific cancers
as cytotoxic, 43–44, 143n, 162–63, 165, 168, 176, 207, 208, 220, 223, 305, 309, 312, 320, 405, 427–28, 452
dose limits of, 309
Ehrlich and, 84–88
fixed percentage of cells killed by, 141
high-dose multidrug regimens in, 132–34, 135, 140–43, 162, 163, 166, 167, 172, 173, 176–77, 204–5, 207–9, 216, 232, 305, 306, 308–9, 329, 389, 400, 443, 452; see also bone marrow transplants; specific regimens
for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 163–66, 208, 308, 315, 401
immune system compromised by, 165, 315
indiscriminate use of, 210
for leukemia, 19–20, 21, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–36, 92, 100, 101, 103–4, 122, 132–34, 135, 140–42, 167–70, 308, 339, 401, 443
for lung cancer, 308–9, 389, 403–4, 443
for lymphomas, 90–91, 96–97, 122, 132–34, 135, 162, 401, 443
nontoxic, 439
radiation in combination with, 123–24, 154, 168–70, 400
secondary cancers as outcome of, 165, 306, 312
side effects of, 18, 96, 123, 165, 205–6, 209, 226, 305
specific affinity in, 80–81, 84–88, 90–92, 433, 434, 439
sterility caused by, 165
surgeons’ hostility to, 219–21
targeted, see targeted therapies
for tumors, 122–23, 154, 207, 308–9
as universal cure, 93
white blood cells and, 127, 315
Chesterfield cigarettes, 268
Chiari, Hans, 62
Chicago Tribune, 187, 189, 235
chickens, sarcomas in, 173, 174
child labor, 239
children:
leukemia in, 7, 12, 17, 19, 32–36, 92, 96, 101, 103–4, 123, 133, 139, 163, 166, 170, 179, 231, 232, 401
Children’s Cancer Research Fund, see Jimmy Fund
Children’s Hospital (Boston), 11–12, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 94, 95–96, 97, 99, 101, 387
Children’s Hospital (Buffalo), 133
Chimney Sweepers Act (1788, British), 239
chimney sweeps, 173, 237–39, 241
China, cigarette consumption in, 273–74
chloramphenicol, 22
cholesterol, 444
choriocarcinoma, 135–36, 139, 168, 228
choriogonadotropin (hcg), 136, 137, 138
Christakis, Nicholas, 445
Christie, Agatha, 444
Christie Hospital, 216–17
chromosomes, 340
in cancer cells, 341–42, 343, 348, 430–31
genes as carried on, 344
pairing of, 377
translocation of, 365–66, 402, 409–10, 430–31
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia (CML), 365–66, 430–31, 433, 444
bone marrow transplants and, 434–35, 437
drug resistance in, 441–43
Gleevec trial for, 436–38
remissions of, 437–39, 441, 443, 465
Ciba-Geigy, 431–32, 433–34, 436
cigarettes:
consumption of, see smoking
warning label on, 264–65, 267, 273, 401
see also nicotine; tobacco; tobacco industry
Cipollone, Rose, 267–72, 273, 401
cirrhosis, chronic, 279
cisplatin (cis-platinum), 203–4, 205, 208, 406, 421
nausea from, 205–6
cis-retinoic acid, 408–9
c-kit gene, 467–68
Claire-King, Mary, 381
Cleland, John, 204–5
Clements, Earle, 264
Cleveland Clinic, 196
clinical trials, see protocols
clones, 39
clotting factors, 415
CMF regimen, in adjuvant chemotherapy, 220–21
CML, see chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia
c-myc (myc) gene, 382–83, 384, 391, 410, 412, 453–54, 458
Codman, Ernest, 30n
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 403
Cold War, 182
Cole, Mary “Moya,” 216–17, 218–19, 221
Coley, William B., 30n
Coley’s toxin, 30n
Collett, Mark, 358
Collins, Francis, 450
colon cancer, 59, 116–17, 208, 331, 381, 401, 443, 450, 451
Commission on the Conquest of Cancer, 184
“compassionate use” issue, experimental therapies and, 423–26
complexity, 20
compound 606 (Salvarsan), 86
Comprehensive Cancer Centers, 208
Conant, Marcus, 317
concentration camps, 397
“Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumors” (Boveri), 342
Congress, U.S.:
antiregulatory posture of, 262
cancer research and, 24–25, 113–14, 122, 150, 177, 184–89, 455
tobacco industry and, 260, 264
Congress for Internal Medicine, 86
Conquest of Cancer Act (Kennedy/Javits bill), 185–86, 187
Cooper, Geoff, 374
Cooper case, 258
cotton, 81
creatine, 31
Crick, Francis, 345
Crile, George, Sr., 196
Crile, George Barney, 68, 196–97, 198, 199
Crimean War, 240
cryptococcal meningitis, 316
Cullman, Joseph, 262
Cummings, Karen, 396
cure, patients’ expectations of, 22
Cure for Cancer: A National Goal (Garb), 177–78, 234
Cure of Childhood Leukemia, The (Laszlo), 21
Cyclophosphamide, 127
Cyrus, King of Persia, 41
cytarabine, 127
cytotoxic drugs, 43–44, 143n, 162–63, 165, 168, 176, 207, 208, 220, 223, 305, 309, 312, 320, 405, 427–28, 452
Dakhleh, Egypt, 43
Dameshek, William, 146
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 153, 190, 310–14, 374, 433–34, 468
Institutional Review Board at, 312
D’Angio, Giulio, 123
Darius I, King of Persia, 41–42
dasatinib, 442–43
David, Ed, 186
Davis, Marvin, 171
DDT, 457
death, oncologists and, 4, 306–8, 337–38
de Gouvêa, Hilário, 347, 366, 367, 381
de Koning, H. J., 128
Delbruck, Max, 345
Democedes, 41–42
De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Ramazzini), 238
deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA
DES (diethylstilbestrol), 213, 277, 278
developing countries, tobacco-industry targeting of, 273–74
DeVita, Vincent, 151, 163–65, 171, 172, 220, 315
Diamond, Louis, 34
Dick, John, 458
Dickens, Charles, 239
Dickersin, Kay, 426
Dictionary of Practical Surgery, A, 55
Didion, Joan, 420
diethylstilbestrol (DES), 213, 277, 278
diphtheria, 84
disease(s):
Galen’s theory of, 48–50, 52–54, 55, 79, 90, 214, 238, 281
risk factors for, 444–45
Virchow’s cellular theory of, 14–16
Djozer, King of Egypt, 40
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 360, 455
as damaged by carcinogens, 75, 77, 122, 351, 406, 462
folic acid and, 28–29
inhibiting formation of, 91–92
nitrogen mustard as damaging to, 163, 406
reverse transcription from RNA to, 352–54, 371
transcription to RNA of, 352
transfer of, 372–74
see also genes, genomes
dogs, prostate cancer in, 212–13
Doll, Richard, 243, 244, 273, 462, 465
lung cancer studies of, 245–49, 250–51, 253–54, 260, 262, 263, 276, 294, 350, 401, 455
Donne, John, 51
Dorchester, Mass., 32
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 9
Drebin, Jeffrey, 411n
Drew, Elizabeth, 265
Druker, Brian, 433–40
drugs, definition of, 413–14
DuBridge, Lee, 183
Duesberg, Peter, 358
Duke University, 315, 319, 325, 326
Dulbecco, Renato, 350, 351, 371
dwarfism, 415
dye industry, 81–86
dyes, synthetic, 81–86, 278, 340
E. coli, 20
Egan, Robert, 291
Ehrlich, Paul, 80, 84–88, 237, 340, 432, 439
magic bullets of, 86–88, 222, 234, 304
Einhorn, Larry, 204–5, 208, 228
Einstein, Albert, 370
electrometer, 74
Elion, Gertrude, 91–92
Eliot, T. S., 191
“Ella” (VAMP protocol survivor), 148–50
Ellie: A Child’s Fight Against Leukemia (Tucker), 21
embryonic stem cells, 458
Endicott, Kenneth, 162, 171, 177, 260
environmentalists, 456
case-control studies in, 245, 246–47, 276, 280
causality and, 253–56, 276, 290, 350
Framingham longitudinal data and, 444–45
meta-analysis and, 261
molecular, 457
preventive medicine and, 290, 457
recall bias in, 446
tobacco-cancer link and, 241–42, 247, 248–49, 250, 261
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 175
Erikson, Ray, 358, 361, 368, 375
Erwin, Bob, 429
breast cancer and, 215, 221, 222–23, 456, 464
receptor in, 215, 216, 217, 464
etoposide, 206
Evans, Audrey, 123
Ewing, James, 30n
extended field radiation, 159–61, 163
extirpations, 23
Faget, Max, 178
fairness doctrine, 265–66, 267
“Fall, The” (Milosz), 116
false positives, false negatives, 291–92
Farber, Norma, 30
Farber, Sidney, 129, 162, 286, 395
as advocate for cancer research, 100, 171–72, 189
background of, 18–19
cancer research hospital project of, see Jimmy’s Clinic
cancer research of, 122–23, 126–27
chemotherapy regimens devised by, 103
chemotherapy seen as universal cure by, 93, 155, 403
colostomy of, 118
as fund-raiser, 102
at Jimmy’s Clinic, 125–26, 153, 189–90
leukemia research of, 19–20, 21, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–36, 92, 100, 101, 114, 121, 122–23, 130, 132, 136, 158, 309, 338, 433, 439
M. Lasker and, 114–15, 116, 122, 171, 177, 190
as pediatric pathologist, 11–12, 19
VAMP survivors and, 149–50
viral origin of cancer advocated by, 175
in War on Cancer, 114, 118, 122, 150, 155, 178, 184, 188, 190, 234
Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (FCLAA; 1965), 264–65, 267, 273
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 265–66
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 263–64, 401
feminism, doctor-patient relationship and, 199
Fidler, Isaiah, 173
Fieser, Louis, 260–61
Figuoeroa, Rodolfo, 60
Fisher, Bernard, 198–99, 200, 219–20, 221–23, 228
5-fluorouracil, 154
Fleming, Alexander, 465–66
Flemming, Walther, 340, 341, 344, 364, 365
foci, of cancer cells, 351, 372, 373–74, 376, 384
folic acid (folate), 28, 29, 31, 406
Folkman, Judah, 387
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 262–63, 319, 322, 423, 429, 455
Ford, Edmund, 247–48
“Forsaken Garden, A” (Swinburne), 461
Fortas, Abe, 264
fossil record, 248
Fowler, James, 445
Fox, Nelene, 321–24
Fox Chase Cancer Center, 279
Framingham, Mass., longitudinal studies of, 444–45
Frankfurter Anilinfarben-Fabrik, 85
“Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers, A,” 250, 252
Frei, Emil “Tom,” 129–30, 132, 133, 134, 137–38, 139, 140, 153, 162–64, 206, 228, 260, 375
at Dana-Farber, 310–14
VAMP and, 141–42, 143–47, 166, 310
Freireich, Emil, 128–30, 132, 134, 136, 137–38, 139, 140, 163–64, 206, 228, 260, 366
Friend, Steve, 379–80
fruit flies, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350
Furth, Jacob, 261
Galbraith, John, 23
Gale, Thomas, 48
Galen, Claudius, 46, 48–50, 52–54, 55, 79, 90, 158, 214, 238, 281, 342, 434, 463
gallbladder cancer, 465
Gallo, Robert, 318
gangrene, 57
Gans, Hiram, 461
Garb, Solomon, 177–78, 184, 234
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), 467–70
Gay Men’s Health Crisis, 318
gay-related immune deficiency (GRID), see AIDS
Geller, Henry, 265–66
gemcitabine (Gemzar), 154
Genentech, 413, 414–19, 423–29
Herceptin trials of, 420–22, 424, 426–29, 430
Nelson’s “funeral procession” at, 425–26
genes, genomes, 6
as carcinogens, see oncogenes
as carried on chromosomes, 344
as composed of DNA, 345
functional view of, 364, 366, 368–69, 431, 455
inherited traits transmitted by, 343–44, 364, 366
mutations of, see mutation, genetic
RSV and, 351–52
structural view of, 364, 365–66, 431, 455
translocation of, 365–66, 402, 409–10, 430–31
tumor suppressor, see tumor suppressor genes
unidirectional flow of information from, 346, 352, 354
genetic anthropology, 278–79
Germany, dye industry in, 82–86
Ghosh, Amitav, 196
Gilbert, Rene, 159
Gilman, Alfred, 90
Gladwell, Malcolm, 302
Gleevec (imatinib):
as “four-minute mile” of cancer therapy, 439
GIST and, 467–68
glioblastomas, 71
glioma, cell phones and, 446–47
Glück, Louise, 405
Goldman, John, 436
Goldstein, Sonja, 124–25
Goodfield, June, 1
Goodman, Louis, 90
Gorman, Michael, 393
Gornik, Heather, 330–32
Gould, Stephen Jay, 37
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 309, 437
laboratory experiments of, 254–55, 456
lung cancer and death of, 250, 256–57, 258
tobacco-cancer study of, 244–45, 246–47, 252, 253–54, 256, 260, 263, 401
Great Britain:
child labor in, 239
dye industry in, 82
Million Women Study in, 456
textile industry in, 81–82
tobacco use in, 240
Great Depression, 109
Greaves, Mel, 46
Greco-Persian wars, 42
Greece, ancient, medical knowledge in, 47–48
Greene, Mark, 411n
Grubbe, Emil, 75–76, 77, 78, 195
Gustafson, Einar “Jimmy,” 96–99, 172, 395–97
Guy’s Hospital, 156
gynecological diseases, 287
Haagensen, Cushman, 193–94, 198
Haldane, J. B. S., 6
Halley’s comet, 370
“Hallmarks of Cancer, The” (Weinberg and Hanahan), 390–92, 443
Halsted, Caroline Hampton, 63
Halsted, William Stewart, 60–69, 158, 201, 219, 319
centrifugal theory of, 194–95, 199
drug addictions of, 62–64, 225
mistaken kindness scorned by, 65
radical surgery pioneered by, 6, 23, 60, 64–69, 70–71, 73, 78, 173, 193–95, 196, 197, 198, 218, 225, 291, 463
Hamill, Peter, 259
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 1
Hanafusa, Hidesaburo, 361, 368
Hanahan, Douglas, 390–92
Harlow, Ed, 403
Harvard Medical School, 18–19, 27, 30
Harvey, Gideon, 83
Hayes, Daniel, 426
hcg (choriogonadotropin), 136, 137, 138
heart disease, 45, 110, 259, 284
cholesterol and, 444
Heath, Jeff, 98
Heckler, Margaret, 318
Hegel, Georg, 202
Heister, Lorenz, 49
Helicobacter pylori, 282–84, 303, 456
Heller, John, 114
hematology, 27
hematopoietic stem cells, 458
hemophilia, 415
hepatitis:
acute, 280
hepatitis B virus (HBV), 280, 303
hepatocellular cancer, 280
Her-2 gene, 413, 414–21, 423, 425–29, 454, 464
Herceptin (Trastuzumab), 416–22, 455, 464
patient demands for access to, 423–26
648 trial of, 427–28
trials of, 420–22, 423, 424, 426–29, 430
heritability, of traits, 343–44, 364, 366
Hermann, I., 335
herpes, 342
Hickam, John, 261
high blood pressure, 444
Hill, Austin Bradford, 243–44
causality postulates of, 255–56
lung cancer studies of, 245–46, 247, 248–49, 250, 253–54, 260, 262, 263, 276, 294, 350, 401, 455
randomization protocols developed by, 131–32, 243
Hill, Lister, 107, 117, 179, 184
HIP (Health Insurance Plan), 294–96, 297
Hippocrates, 47–48, 49, 155, 308, 463
“straight into” expression of, 52
Hippocratic oath, 70
Hiroshima, bombing of, 119
Histories (Herodotus), 41
HMOs (health maintenance organizations), 294
experimental therapy coverage denied by, 322, 324–25
Hodgkin, Thomas, 155–58
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 152–53, 181, 222, 228, 399
chemotherapy for, 163–66, 208, 308, 315
discovery of, 155–58
leukemia relapse as outcome of chemotherapy for, 165
as localized disease, 158, 161, 163
metastatic, 163
radiation therapy for, 159–61, 163
remission rate of, 160–61, 171, 179, 228, 231, 331, 400, 401, 465
stages of, 160–61, 163, 164–65
Hoechst Chemical Works, 86, 87
Hofmann, August, 83
Holland, James, 130, 167n, 184, 430
Holleb, Arthur, 296
homosexuals, AIDS and, 315–19
hormonal therapies:
for breast cancer, 214–17, 218, 221–22, 456, 464, 466
for prostate cancer, 213–14, 222
hormones:
regulatory functions of, 211–12
synthetic, 277
see also specific hormones
hospices, 225–26
Hospital Dieu, 51
hospitals, proliferation of, 22
House of Representatives, U.S., 186–88
see also Congress, U.S.
House That “Jimmy” Built, The, 93
HTLV-1, 415
Huebner, Robert, 358n
Huggins, Charles, 210–13, 215, 216, 304
Human EGF Receptor (HER), 413
human genome, 451
cancer as inseparable from, 462
Human Genome Project, 450
human papillomavirus (HPV), 349n, 381n
humors, theory of, 48–50, 52, 79, 214, 463
Hungerford, David, 365
Hunter, David, 457
Hunting of the Snark (Carroll), 357, 360, 362
hydraulics, 48
hyperplasia, 15, 28–29, 140, 204
hyperplasia, pathological, 6, 15–16, 38–39, 47–48, 136, 140–41, 340, 348, 351, 355, 357–59, 369, 372, 376, 387, 391, 405–6, 458–59
as halted by nitrogen mustard, 163, 406
as impeded by X-rays, 75
as induced by oncogenes, 357–59, 372, 431
as interrupted by antifolates, 406
as vulnerability, 405–6
see also neoplasia
hypertrophy, 15