The Story of Boston Richard Gurnham

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NOTES

Chapter One

1 S. Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston: Economy, Society and Administration’ in Sally Badham & Paul Cockerham, eds., ‘The Beste and Fayrest of Al Lincolnshire’: The Church of St Botolph, Boston, Lincolnshire, and Its Medieval Monuments (Oxford, 2012), pp.6–9; John Morris, ed., Domesday Book, 31, Lincolnshire, Vol.1, (Chichester, 1986) 12.67, 348b; A.M. Cook, Boston, Botolph’s Town: A Short History of a Great Parish Church and the Town About It (Boston, 1948) p.4; G. Jebb, The Church of St Botolph, Boston (Boston, 1895), p.35; Pishey Thompson, The History and Antiquities of Boston and the Hundred of Skirbeck (Boston, 1856), p.161n

2 Kenneth Cameron, A Dictionary of Lincolnshire Place-Names (Nottingham, 1998) pp.109, 117–118; P. Dover, The Early Medieval History of Boston, 1086–1400 (Boston, 1970), pp.16–19; Neil Wright, The Book of Boston (Buckingham, 1986) p.13

3 Cameron, p.17; Eilert Ekwall, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place- Names (Oxford, 1936), p.51

4 Cameron, p.111

5 Geoffrey Bryant, Domesday Book; How to Read It and What Its Text Means (Waltham, 1985), p.17

6 Morris, 12.67, 348b

7 M.W. Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages (Gloucester, 1988), p.196; P. Dover, p.2

8 Dorothy M. Owen, ‘The Beginnings of the Port of Boston’ in N. Field & A. White, A Prospect of Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1984), pp. 42–5

9 Dorothy M. Owen, Church and Society in Medieval Lincolnshire, History of Lincolnshire, Vol.v (Lincoln, 1990), p.68

10 T.H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977), p.6; Richard Gurnham, A History of Lincoln (Chichester, 2009), p.28, 30–32; E.Carus-Wilson, ‘The Medieval Trade of the Ports of the Wash’, Medieval Archaeology, vi–vii (1962–3), pp.185–188

11 Dover, pp.8–9

12 Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Oxford, 1941) pp.57–8; Carus-Wilson, ‘Medieval Trade of the Ports of the Wash’, pp.192–3

13 Dover, p.9; Rigby, pp.9–12

14 Ibid., p.21

15 Graham Platts, ‘Land and People in Medieval Lincolnshire’, History of Lincolnshire, iv, (Lincoln, 1985), p.297

16 Dover, p.10; S.H. Rigby, ‘Boston and Grimsby in the Middle Ages: An Administrative Contrast’, Journal of Medieval History, 10, (1984), pp.58–9

17 K.J. Allison, ed., ‘A History of the County of York, East Riding, Vol.i’, The Victoria History of the Counties of England (Oxford, 1969), p.13

18 Platts, p.219; Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.9

19 Owen, ‘Beginnings of the Port’, pp.43–5

20 Platts, p.143–4; Dover, p.21; Neil Wright, Boston: A Pictorial History (Chichester, 1994), p.2

21 J.G. Hurst, ‘Medieval and Post-Medieval Pottery Imported into Lincolnshire’, in Dinah Tyszka, Keith Miller and Geoffrey Bryant, eds., Land, People and Landscapes: Essays on the History of the Lincolnshire Region (Lincoln, 1991), pp.49–65

22 Dover, pp.22–23

23 H. Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (London, 1965), pp.98–9; Terry Jones, Medieval Lives (London, 2004), pp.41–2

24 Thompson, pp.41–2, 44; Platts, pp.243–4; Anthony Oldbuck, A Legend of Boston (Boston, 1837), Chapters 8, 9, 10

25 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.10; Lloyd, pp.304–5; Carus-Wilson, ‘Medieval Trade of the Ports of the Wash’, p.186

26 Platts, p.148; Lloyd, pp.66–7; Power, p.22

27 Lloyd, pp.85–6; E.M. Carus-Wilson & Olive Coleman, England’s Export Trade, 1275–1547 (Oxford, 1963), pp.36–40

28 Thompson, pp.52, 134

29 Ibid., pp.314–6

30 Carus-Wilson, ‘Medieval Trade of the Ports of the Wash’, p.187–8

31 Gillian Harden, Medieval Boston and its Archaeological Implications (Boston, 1978), p.12

32 Ibid., pp.14, 33

33 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.9; Dorothy Owen, Church and Society in Medieval Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1990), p.147; Platts, p.225; S. Moorhouse, ‘Finds from Excavations in the Refectory at the Dominican Friary, Boston’, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, vii, 1972, pp.32–40; Mark Ormrod et al, Boston Blackfriars (Boston, 1990), pp.11–12, 20–24; David M. Wilson and D. Gillian Hurst, ‘Medieval Britain in 1964’, Medieval Archaeology, ix, 1965, pp.180–1; D. Knowles & R. Neville-Hadock, Medieval Religious Houses of England and Wales (London, 1971) p.215

34 Nikolaus Pevsner, John Harris and Nicholas Antram, The Buildings of England, Lincolnshire (London, 1989), pp.166–7; Ormrod, pp.21–24

35 Thompson, pp.241–2; Wright, Pictorial History, p.3.

Chapter Two

1 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.19; M. Spurrell, ‘The First Stone’, in The First Stone and Other Papers (Boston, 1970), p.2; Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.156; Linda Monckton, ‘The Parish Church of St Botolph, Boston’, in Sally Badham & Paul Cockerham, eds., ‘The Beste and Fayrest of Al Lincolnshire’: The Church of St Botolph, Boston, Lincolnshire, and Its Medieval Monuments (Oxford, 2012), pp.42–3

2 Thompson, pp.117, 162, 373; Monckton, pp.42–6

3 Rigby, ‘Boston & Grimsby in the Middle Ages’, pp.51–2; S.H. Rigby, Medieval Grimsby, Growth and Decline (Hull, 1993), p.32–3; Platts, p.226

4 Lloyd, pp.130–1

5 Dover, p.29

6 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, pp.14–15; Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.42–6

7 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’ p.23

8 Lloyd, pp.122–3, 126–7; Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.40–9; Thompson, pp.338–9; Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.16; Platts, p.226

9 Dover, pp.29–30; Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.86–8; Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, pp.16–17

10 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, pp.17–19

11 S.H. Rigby, ed., The Overseas Trade of Boston in the Reign of Richard II, 93, (Lincoln Record Society, 2007), pp.223–32, 242–6, 252–7; Jessica Freeman, ‘Two Lincolnshire Merchants: Walter Pescod of Boston and Simon Seman of Barton-on-Humber’, in Sally Badham & Paul Cockerham, eds., ‘The Beste and Fayrest of Al Lincolnshire’: The Church of St Botolph, Boston, Lincolnshire, and Its Medieval Monuments (Oxford, 2012), p.147

12 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, pp.19–20; Jessica Freeman, ‘Two Lincolnshire Merchants’, pp.142–50

13 Gurnham, pp.68–75; Lloyd, pp.266–7; Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.57–59; Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.23

14 Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.80–88, 109–111; Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, pp.23–4

15 Rigby, ‘Medieval Boston’, p.24

16 Rigby, ‘Sore Decay’ and ‘Fair Dwellings’: Boston and Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages (Midland History, 1985), pp.49–51

17 Ibid., pp.53–4

18 Ibid., p.55

19 Ibid., pp.51–3; Thompson, op. cit., p.60; K.J. Allison, ‘Medieval Hull’, The Victoria History of the County of York; East Riding, Vol.1, (London, 1969), pp.61–3

20 Platts, pp.216–7; Wright, Book of Boston, p.21

21 Rigby, ‘Boston and Grimsby in the Middle Ages’, pp.63–4

22 Ibid., pp.57–60

23 Rigby, Overseas Trade, pp.225–8, 244–6, 255–6

24 Rigby, ‘Boston and Grimsby in the Middle Ages’, pp.63–4

25 Wright, Pictorial History, p.2; Thompson, pp.236–7; Harden, pp.24–5

26 Mark Ormrod et al, The Guilds in Boston (Boston, 1993), pp.25–8; Sally Badham, ‘“He loved the guild”: The Religious Guilds associated with St Botolph’s Church, Boston’, in Sally Badham & Paul Cockerham, eds., ‘The Beste and Fayrest of Al Lincolnshire’: The Church of St Botolph, Boston, Lincolnshire, and Its Medieval Monuments (Oxford, 2012), p.51

27 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.30–2, 41–2, 50

28 Ibid., pp.50–1; Pevsner, Harris & Antram, pp.167–8; Badham, p.65

29 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.41–2; Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.166

30 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.35–8; Badham, p.68

31 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.43–4; Thompson, p.112; Owen, Church and Society, p.86; Archivists’ Reports, Vol.16 (Lincolnshire Archives Office), pp.41–2

32 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.33–4, 39–40, 42–3; Archivists’ Reports, Vol.16, p.42

33 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.32, 40–1, 45; Thompson, p.134; Platts, pp.265–6

34 T.P. Smith, ‘Hussey Tower, Boston; a Late Medieval Tower-House’, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol.xiv (1979), pp.31–7; Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.169

35 Harden, pp.26–33; Pevsner, Harris & Antram, pp.165, 170

Chapter Three

1 Rigby, ‘Sore Decay’ and ‘Fair Dwellings’, pp.50–1; Wright, Book of Boston, p.39; Gerald A.J. Hodgett, ‘Tudor Lincolnshire’, History of Lincolnshire, Vol.vi, (Lincoln, 1975) pp.86–7; Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.66–74

2 Rigby, ‘Sore Decay’ and ‘Fair Dwellings’, p.50; Hodgett, pp.87–8; Carus-Wilson, ‘The Medieval Trade of the Ports of the Wash’, p.201; Carus-Wilson & Coleman, pp.92–119

3 Hodgett, p.85; R.W.K. Hinton, The Port Books of Boston, 1601–40, Lincoln Record Society Publications, Vol.l, (Lincoln Record Society, 1956) p.xiv; Thompson, pp.62–3

4 Hodgett, pp.80–1

5 Ibid., pp.135, 192; Rigby, ‘Sore Decay’ and ‘Fair Dwellings’, p.55

6 S.H. Rigby, ‘Late Medieval Urban Prosperity: The Evidence of the Lay Subsidies’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. xxxix, 3 (1986) p.415; Hodgett, p.189, 192; Thompson, pp.62

7 Carus-Wilson, ‘The Medieval Trade of the Ports of the Wash’, p.201

8 Lincoln Wills, 1505–1530, Lincoln Record Society, 10 (Lincoln, 1918) pp.40–3, 114–5; Lincoln Wills 1530–2, Lincoln Record Society, 24 (Lincoln, 1930) pp.26, 42–3, 210–11

9 Lincoln Wills, 1505–1530, pp.47–8, 212–3

10 Owen, Church and Society, pp.52, 86; Thompson, op. cit., p.112; Claire Cross, ‘Communal Piety in Sixteenth Century Boston’, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 25, 1990, p.34; Ormrod, Boston Blackfriars, pp.13–4, 22–3, 26

11 Lincoln Wills, 1505–1530, pp.105–6, 170, 189–191; Lincoln Wills, 1530–32, pp.42–3, 57–8, 154–6, 161, 210–11, 218–9; A.R. Maddison, ed., Lincolnshire Wills: First Series, AD 1500–1600 (Lincoln, 1888), p.12

12 Cross, p.35

13 Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.156; Cross, pp.33, 35; G.S. Bagley, Boston; its Story and People (Boston, 1986), pp.33–4; Badham, p.56

14 Bagley, pp.33–4; Anne Ward, The Lincolnshire Rising, 1536 (Nottingham, 1986) pp.20–1

15 Bagley, pp.33–4; Ward, p.26; Hodgett, p.23

16 Ward, pp.30–2; Thompson, p.62. The next two largest towns, Lincoln and Stamford, made gifts of £40 and £20 respectively.

17 Ormrod, Boston Blackfriars, pp.36–7; Cross, pp.35–6

18 Cross, p.36; Badham, pp.62–4

19 Ormrod, Guilds, p.63; Bagley, p.37

20 Ormrod, Guilds, pp.62–4; Cross, p.36

21 Ormrod, Guilds, p.59; Richard Gurnham, A History of Louth (Chichester, 2007) pp.62–3; Cross, p.36; Peter & Jennifer Clark, eds., The Boston Assembly Minutes, 1545–1575, Lincoln Record Society, 77 (1986) entry 40 (5/6/1550)

22 Cross, pp.36–7; Thompson, pp.404–6

23 Ormrod, Boston Blackfriars, p.37

24 Cross, p.38

25 Hodgett, pp.134–5; Wright, Book of Boston, pp.45–6; Bagley, pp.37–9; Clark, entries 1–7 (1/6/45), 74 (13/10/52); Thompson, pp.391–2, 449–50

26 Clark, entries 1–7 (1/6/45), 13 (7/3/46–7), 23 (23/12/49), 58–9 (28/5/52), 70 (19/7/52), 94 (24/1/52–3), 131 (23/1/54–5)

27 Ibid., entry 48 (4/3/1551); Ormrod, Guilds, pp.64–6; Bagley, p.44

Chapter Four

1 Hodgett, pp.87–8; Clive Holmes, ‘Seventeenth Century Lincolnshire’, History of Lincolnshire, Vol.vii, (Lincoln, 1980) p.14

2 Hinton, op. cit., pp.xxv–xxvi; Clark, p.xi; A.A. Garner, Boston, Politics and the Sea, 1652–1674 (Boston, 1975) p.4; Hodgett, p.88

3 Clark, entries 94 (24 January 1552), 151 (15 March 1555)

4 Ibid., p.xii

5 Hinton, pp.35–36, passim; Garner, p.7

6 Clark, pp.10–11, entries 433 (9 May 1567), 429 (9 May 1567), 880, 884 (2 May 1575)

7 Thompson, pp.69–70; Garner, p.5

8 John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (Oxford, 1965) pp.280–3; Thompson, pp.70–1; Clark, entries 545 (9 March 1569), 559 (22 April 1569)

9 Hodgett, p.135

10 Ibid., pp.83–4; Clark, p.16

11 Thompson, p.74; Charles Brears, Lincolnshire in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1940), p.7; Clark, p.7, entries 484 (23 March 1568), 808 (22 October 1573), 812 (26 October 1573), 927, 928, 930 (26 November 1575)

12 Clark, p.13, entries 742, 743 (17 June 1572)

13 C.W. Foster, ed., The Parish Registers of Boston, Vol.ii, 1599–1638, Lincoln Record Society, 3, (Lincoln, 1915); Thompson, p.75; Harden, p.31; Hinton, pp.35–37; Garner, p.47 (note 44)

14 Hinton, pp.39–41, passim; M.J.T. Lewis & N.R. Wright, ‘Boston as a Port’, Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology, Vol.viii, No.4, 1973, pp.6–8; Clive Holmes, pp.99–101

15 Thompson, p.105; Clark, p.10. In the twenty-eight years between 1564 and 1592 there were only two years (1579 and 1589) when there were more baptisms than burials.

16 C.W. Foster, ed., The Parish Registers of Boston, Vol.i, 1557–1599, Lincoln Record Society, 1, (Lincoln, 1914) pp.125–131; Thompson, pp.74–5, 107

17 C.W. Foster, ed., The Parish Registers of Boston, Vol.ii, 1599–1638; Thompson, pp.75, 78, 105, 107; Bagley, pp.84–5

18 Clark, entries 322 (20 November 1561), 433 (9 May 1567), 420 (31 August 1564)

19 J. Bailey, Transcription of the Minutes of Boston Corporation, Vol.ii, 1608–1638 (Boston, 1981) p.145 (3 February 1613), p.651 (4 January 1633)

20 Clark, entries 469 (12 January 1568), 655 (22 December 1570)

21 Ibid., entry 713 (November, 1571)

22 Ibid., p.14, entry 789

23 Bailey, Transcriptions, Vol.2, p.182 (2 June, 1615)

24 Ibid., p.109 (3 August 1611), p.125 (14 May 1613), p.141 (25 November 1613), pp.162–3 (17 June 1614), pp.202–5 (13 November, 1616), p.214 (7 May 1617), p.246 (3 July 1618), 281 (11 October 1619), 325 (12 May 1620)

25 Ibid., pp.59–60 (18 & 21 April 1610), p.95 (23 December 1611), p.116 (19 January 1612), p.125 (14 May 1613), p.131 (23 July 1613), pp.152–5 (20 & 24 April, 1614), p.216 (20 June 1617), p.224 (19 December, 1617), p.243 (29 May 1618), p.340

26 Ibid., p.647 (12 December 1632)

27 Cross, p.37

28 Ibid., p.37; Clark, entry 474 (12 March 1568)

29 Thompson, p.72

30 Clark, entries 820–1 (16 January 1574)

31 Ibid., entry 435 (19 May 1567); Cross, p.37

32 Cross, p.37

33 Ibid., pp.37–8; Holmes, pp.92–4

34 Holmes, pp.95–6; Thompson, p.418; Cross, p.38

35 Clark, p.xviii; Holmes, pp.95–6

36 Holmes, pp.107–8, 116

37 Ibid., p.118; Thompson, pp.429–430; Bagley, pp.73–5

38 Thompson, p.421–2

39 Ibid., p.422–3; Holmes, p.116

40 Bailey, Transcriptions, Vol.II, p.28 (31 August 1609), p.62 (1 May 1610), p.75 (12 December 1610). The corporation agreed in December 1610 to make the room over the porch ‘ffitt & meet to make a Library in’.

41 Hinton, pp.xlii–xliii; Thompson, pp.433–5

42 Thompson, pp.424–7

43 Hodgett, p.141; Thompson, pp.284–5, 775; Clark, p.xviii; Bagley, pp.76–78

Chapter Five

1 Sir Francis Hill, Tudor and Stuart Lincoln (Stamford, 1991), p.119; Holmes, 105–8; Bagley, p.86

2 Thompson, pp.171, 418; Bagley, p.76; Holmes, pp.119–21; Mark Spurrell, The Puritan Town of Boston (Boston, 1972) pp.16–23; Bailey, Transcriptions, Vol.2, p.75 (12 December 1610).

3 Holmes, pp.130–7

4 Bailey, Transcriptions, Vol.II, p.707 (6 November 1635), p.740 (19 April 1638)

5 Holmes, p.137; Bagley, pp.88–9

6 Holmes, pp.127–30, 139

7 Ibid., pp.146–8; Bagley, p.91

8 Thompson, pp.80–1; Holmes, p.158; Bagley, p.92; A.A. Garner, Boston and the Great Civil War, 1642–1651 (Boston, 1972) pp.2, 4–5

9 Thompson, pp.82–3; Holmes, pp.159–60

10 Garner, Civil War, p.4; Holmes, pp.167, 169; Thompson, pp.85–6

11 Garner, pp.6–7; Holmes, pp.161, 163–6, 167, 169; Thompson, p.84–6

12 A copy of the original letter, plus a full transcription, is to be found in Garner, Civil War, pp.8–9

13 Ibid., pp.10–13

14 Ibid., pp.18–19

15 Ibid., pp.16–18

16 Ibid., pp.19–20

17 Ibid., pp.20, 23

18 Ibid., p.24

19 Ibid., p.26; Thompson, pp.16–17; J. Bailey, Transcription of Minutes of the Corporation of Boston, Vol.III, 1638 to 1671 (Boston, 1983) p.93, 7 November 1645

20 Martyn Bennett, The English Civil War; A Historical Companion (Stroud, 2004) pp.171–2; Gurnham, A History of Lincoln, pp.112–3; Bailey, p.142 (4 July 1648)

21 Garner, Civil War, pp.27–33

22 The letter is quoted in full by Pishey Thompson, pp.394–5

23 Holmes, p.204

24 Ibid., pp.205–8; A.A. Garner, Boston, Politics and the Sea, 1652–1674 (Boston, 1975) pp.12–13, 16–19

25 Thompson, pp.775–6; Bagley, p.108; Bailey, Transcripts, Vol.III, p.86, 14 June 1644.

26 Garner, Politics, p.15; Bailey, Transcripts, Vol.III, p.173, 8 March 1650

27 Holmes, pp.198–9; Bagley, p.110

28 Bailey, Transcripts, Vol.III, p.177, 20 December 1650

29 Ibid., p.177, 20 December 1650; pp.429–30, 9 May 1665; p.548, 27 May 1670

30 G.M. Hipkin, ‘Social and Economic Conditions in the Holland Division of Lincolnshire, 1640–60’, Associated Architectural and Archaeological Societies Reports and Papers, XL, pp.194–7; Garner, Politics, pp.6–7, 11

31 Garner, Politics, pp.9, 12–14

Chapter Six

1 Maurice Ashley, England in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1973) pp.106–7; Bennett, pp.72–3, 133

2 Garner, Politics, p.20; Holmes, pp.217–8

3 Garner, Politics, p.20–1; Ashley, p.107

4 Garner, Politics, p.21

5 Ibid., pp.21–3; Bagley, pp.102–3; Holmes, p.221; Brears, p.107

6 Garner, Politics, pp.24–6; Holmes, pp.223, 225; Bailey, Transcriptions, Vol.III, p.328, 6 August 1660; p.386, 8 August 1661

7 Garner, Politics, pp.26–7; Thompson, pp.780–1

8 Holmes, p.236–9

9 Ibid., pp.242–7; Thompson, p.94

10 Holmes, pp.247–8

11 Ibid., p.249, 252; Bagley, pp.105–6; Christopher Hill, The Century of Revolution (London, 1974) p.175

12 Holmes, pp.252–3; Thompson, p.95; Hill, p.176

13 Thompson, pp.260–2, 780–1

14 Garner, Politics, pp.7–11

15 Ibid., pp.38–9; Brears, p.5

16 Garner, Politics, pp.29–40

17 Ibid., p.9

18 Ibid., pp.30–1; Thompson, pp.104–5; Bagley, p.107

19 Harden, pp.30–33; Brears, p.102

20 Bailey, Transcriptions, Vol.III, p.506 (10 August 1668); p.554 (20 October 1670)

21 Ibid., p.329 (28 August 1660), p.548 (27 May 1670), p.451 (13 February 1666), p.527 (10 June 1669)

Chapter Seven

1 Lewis & Wright, p.9

2 Thompson, pp.104–5; T.W. Beastall, Agricultural Revolution in Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1978), pp.134–5

3 Thompson, pp.218–220

4 Ibid., pp.218–9, 346; Harden, p.21; W.O. Massingberd, The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Lincolnshire (London, 1906), p.386

5 Thompson, pp.223–4

6 Pevsner & Harris, p.167; Thompson, p.251–2

7 Thompson, pp.267, 361

8 Ibid., pp.361–2

9 Wright, The Book of Boston, p.69; Brears, pp.135–6; A.A. Garner, The Fydells of Boston (Boston, 1987)

10 Brears, pp.148, 152–154, 156; Beastall, pp.103–5; Wright, The Book of Boston, p.93; P. Dover, ‘The Boston to Spalding Road Prior to the General Highway Act 1835’, J.E. Spurr et al, The Boston Farmers’ Union and other papers (Boston, 1971), pp.10–15

11 Beastall, p.103; Lewis & Wright, p.10

12 Samuel Leigh, ‘A Letter of 1815’, J.E. Spurr et al, The Boston Farmers’ Union and other papers, p.17

13 Lewis & Wright, p.10; Pigot & Co’s National Commercial Directory (London, 1823), pp.236–8

14 S.N. Davis, Banking in Boston (Boston, 1976), pp.12–20; Neil Wright, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry, 1700–1914 (Lincoln, 1982), pp.66–69

15 Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, pp.63, 69–70, 72–77, 79–84; Beastall, pp.187, 191–2; Peter Wells, ‘The Clay Pipe Makers of Boston’, Frank Molyneux et al, Aspects of Nineteenth Century Boston and District (Boston, 1972) pp.13–17; William White, The History and Directory of the towns and principal villages of the County of Lincoln (Leeds, 1826), pp.83–9; William White, The History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Lincolnshire (Sheffield, 1842); Lewis & Wright, p.12; Thompson, pp.254–5

16 Thompson, pp.104–5, 166, 217, 219; Wright, The Book of Boston, p.106

17 Thompson, p.247; Wright, Boston, A Pictorial History, illustrations 26–33; White’s Directory, 1826, pp.83–8, Frank Molyneux & Neil Wright, An Atlas of Boston (Boston, 1974), pp.18–19

18 Thompson, p.104

19 R.W. Ambler, ‘Churches, Chapels and the Parish Communities of Lincolnshire, 1660–1900’, A History of Lincolnshire, Vol.ix (Lincoln, 2000), pp.91–2, 102–3

20 Ibid., pp.56, 63–4

21 Brears, pp.113–4

22 Thompson, p.285n

23 Ibid., pp.260–2, 780; Ambler, pp.103, 106, 115

24 Thompson, pp.269–70; William White, History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Lincolnshire (Sheffield, 1856; reprinted 1969), p.283; Ambler, pp.107, 111

25 Martin Middlebrook, The Catholic Church in Boston (Boston, 1977), pp.19–21

26 William Leary, Methodism in the Town of Boston (Boston, 1972), pp.5–7, 8–9, 17–18, 27–31; Thompson, pp.208–9; Neil Wright, ‘The Builders of Boston Centenary Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, 1839/40’, Christopher Sturman, ed., Lincolnshire People and Places (Lincoln, 1996), pp.148–53; R.W. Ambler, ‘Ranters and Rick Burners; Primitive Methodism and Rural Discontent in South Lincolnshire’, Tyszka, Miller & Bryant, Land, People and Landscapes (Lincoln, 1991), pp.135–43

27 Thompson, p.294; Leary, pp.9, 18, 28; Ambler, Churches and Chapels, pp.71–2

28 Thompson, pp.293–4; Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, p.100; Stephen de Winton, ‘The Coming of the School Board’, Mark Spurrell et al, The First Stone and other papers (Boston, 1970), pp.12–13; H. Porter, Boston, Some of the Happenings in its History, 1800–1835 (Boston, 1941) pp.62–5

29 Quoted by A.F. Leach, ‘Schools’, Victoria County History, pp.458–9

30 Ibid., p.459; Bagley, pp.243–5; White, Directory, 1842

31 Bagley, p.247; Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, p.102

32 Bailey, Transcripts, Vol.IV, p.540, 7/5/1703, p.816, 17/12/1717; Betty Coy, Sheila Hill & Vera Sharp, Transcripts, Vol.V, p.10, 16/5/1718, p.784, 1/5/1761; Thompson, pp.244–5; Brears, pp.85, 165

33 Thompson, pp.245, 279–283, 295

34 White, Directory, 1842, pp.171–3

35 Brears, pp.104–6

36 Bailey, Transcripts, Vol.IV, p.441, 26/8/1696; Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, pp.106–8; Gurnham, A History of Lincoln, p.149; Bagley, pp.174–5; Thompson, p.211

37 White, Directory, 1826, 1842

38 Bagley, pp.175–7; Wright, The Book of Boston, p.118; R. Gurnham, ‘The Creation of Skegness as a Resort Town by the Ninth Earl of Scarbrough’, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology, Vol.1, No. 7, 1972, p.64

39 White, Directory, 1826; R.J. Olney, ‘Rural Society and County Government in Nineteenth Century Lincolnshire’, History of Lincolnshire, Vol.X (Lincoln, 1979), p.19

40 R.J. Olney, ‘Rural Society and County Government in Nineteenth Century Lincolnshire’, History of Lincolnshire, Vol.X, (Lincoln, 1979), pp.146–7, 149; Bagley, pp.197–206; Garner, The Fydells, pp.45–9; Wright, The Book of Boston, p.107; R.J. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, 1832–1885 (Oxford, 1973) p.10

Chapter Eight

1 Molyneux & Wright, Atlas, p.37

2 J. Bailey, Transcriptions of the Minutes of the Corporation of Boston, Vol.IV, 1671–1717, pp.351 (8 April 1690), 567 (13 May 1705)

3 Olney, Rural Society, pp.9, 111; Thompson, pp.230, 247; N.R. Wright, ‘The Building of Boston’s Sessions House’, Frank Molyneux et al, Aspects of Nineteenth Century Boston and District (Boston, 1972), pp.20–24

4 White, Directory, 1842, pp.178–9

5 Herbert Porter, Boston, 1800–1835 (Boston, 1941) pp.23–4

6 White, Directory, 1842, pp.165–179; White, Directory, 1856, pp.293, 306, 312; Bagley, pp.225–9; Molyneux & Wright, Atlas, p.19; Davis, Banking, pp.28–30

7 Thompson, pp.102–3 & 690; Kelly’s Directory, pp.79, 81

8 Neil Wright, The Railways of Boston, their Origin and Development, 1848–1998 (Boston, 1998) p.2

9 Ibid., pp.6–15

10 Ibid., pp.17–26; Bagley, p.166

11 Wright, Railways, pp.26–40; Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, p.184; Thompson, pp.350–2

12 Wright, Railways, pp.40–42; Molyneux & Wright, p.41

13 Malcolm Cook, Boston: Botolph’s Town; a Short History of a Great Parish Church and the Town About it (Boston, 1948), pp.105, 111; Bagley, pp.255–6

14 Bagley, p.254; R.W. Ambler, ed., Lincolnshire Parish Correspondence of John Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln, 1827–53, Lincoln Record Society, Vol.94 (Lincoln, 2006) p.317

15 Quoted by Bagley, p.256

16 Cook, p.114; Ambler, Parish Correspondence, p.323

17 Ambler, Parish Correspondence, p.315

18 White, Directory, 1856, pp.282–3; Records of the Election for the Borough of Boston, 1852, and Boston Poll Book (Boston, 1852), p.13

19 Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.158

20 Bagley, p.258; Cook, pp.115–7

21 R.W. Ambler, Lincolnshire Returns of the Census of Religious Worship, 1851, Lincoln Record Society, 72 (Lincoln, 1979), p.48

22 Ibid., pp.47–51; Thompson, p.209

23 Leary, pp.13, 18–9; Wright, Builders of Boston Centenary Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, pp.150–1

24 Bagley, pp.258–60, 164–5; Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.161; Kelly’s Directory, 1913, p.82

25 Leary, pp.33–35

26 Ibid., pp.14, 19, 37–38; Ambler, Churches, Chapels and Parish Communities, p.212; Cook, pp.120–1

27 Leary, pp.24–6; Robert Currie, Methodism Divided (London, 1968) p.49

28 Ambler, Parish Correspondence, pp.322–3; Kelly’s Directory of Lincolnshire, 1913, p.80

29 Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, pp.10, 105, 123, 169–70

30 de Winton, pp.13–15; Middlebrook, p.22; Leary, p.33; White, Directory, 1842, p.156

31 Ambler, Parish Correspondence, pp.316–7; Leach, p.459

32 de Winton, pp.13–15; White, Directory, 1856, p.288

33 Neil Wright, ‘Schools in Boston up to 1910’, Mark Spurrell et al, The First Stone and other papers (Boston, 1970), p.11; Middlebrook, p.22; White, Directory, 1872, p.812–3

34 de Winton, pp.15–16

35 Ibid., p.27

36 Ibid., pp.28–29

37 Wright, Book of Boston, p.60

38 Leach, ‘Schools’, Victoria County History, pp.459–60

39 Bagley, pp.246–7; Kelly’s Directory, 1896, 1905, 1913; White, Directory, 1872, 1882, 1892–3

40 White, Directory, 1842, 1856, 1872; Hagar’s Directory, 1849; Kelly’s Directory, 1913

41 Quoted by Bagley, p.178

42 Thompson, p.211

43 Wright, Book of Boston, p.118; White, Directory, 1892–3

44 Lincolnshire Archives Committee, Archivists’ Reports, 3/19; Wright, ‘Tunnard Park’, The Boston Farmers’ Union and other papers (Boston, 1971), pp.25–26

45 White, Directory, 1856, 1872; R. Mason, ‘Angling’, Victoria County History, p.519

46 W.T. Warrener, ‘Golf’, Victoria County History, p.526–7; White, Directory, 1856, 1872; Kelly’s Directory, 1905, 1913

47 Cook, pp.120–1; White, Directory, 1856, 1872

48 Bagley, pp.247–9; White, Directory, 1856, 1872, 1882; Wright, Book of Boston, p.61

49 Martin Middlebrook, Boston at War (Boston, 1974), pp.4–7

50 Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, pp.219–20; Kelly’s Directory, 1896, 1900, 1905 1913

51 Bagley, pp.311–2

52 Lewis & Wright, Boston as a Port, pp.14–17, Kelly’s Directory, 1905, 1913; Victoria County History, p.388

53 Olney, Rural Society, p.175; Molyneux & Wright, pp.42–3; Kelly’s Directory, 1905, 1913; Wright, Book of Boston, pp.88–9; Wright, Lincolnshire Towns, pp.200–17

54 Pevsner, Harris & Antram, pp.165, 170; Bagley, pp.289–91

55 Quoted by Bagley, p.288

56 Ibid., pp.326–7

Chapter Nine

1 This section is based very largely on Martin Middlebrook’s booklet, Boston at War, published as part of the ‘History of Boston Series’ in 1974. It is a very thorough and very readable account of the impact on the town of both world wars and the Boer War.

2 Molyneux & Wright, An Atlas of Boston, pp.37, 51

3 Ibid., pp.49–50

4 Kelly’s Directory, 1930, 1933; Pauline Gregg, A Social and Economic History of Britain, 1760–1965 (London, 1967) p.473; Bagley, p.302

5 Molyneux & Wright, An Atlas of Boston, pp.50–1; Kelly’s Directory, 1913, 1926, 1930, 1933, 1937; Dennis Mills, ed., ‘Twentieth Century Lincolnshire’, History of Lincolnshire, Vol.XII, (Lincoln, 1989), p.117

6 Lewis & Wright, Boston as a Port, pp.14–7

7 Bagley, pp.232, 234–6; Wright, Book of Boston, p.89

8 Bagley, pp.306–7; Kelly’s Directory, 1937; Mills, pp.26, 32, 108–110, 117; Wright, Book of Boston, p.108

9 Kelly’s Directory, 1913, 1930, 1937; Wright, Book of Boston, pp.118–9

10 Bagley, pp.319–22; Mills, pp.263–4; Middlebrook, Boston at War, p.47

11 This section, like that on the First World War, is largely based on Martin Middlebrook’s Boston at War.

12 Quoted in Federation of Women’s Institutes, Lincolnshire within living memory, p.211

13 Ibid., p.215

14 Molyneux & Wright, pp.48, 51

15 Mills, p.93; Bagley, p.231

16 Lewis & Wright, p.52

17 Pevsner, Harris & Antram, p.162