Noten
Voorwoord: het kustgebied van Eurazië
1. C.R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, Londen, Hutchinson, 1969, p. 65.
2. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, vert. Landeg White (1572; herdruk New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Zesde Canto: 93.
3. Charles Verlinden, ‘The Indian Ocean: The Ancient Period and the Middle Ages,’ in Satish Chandra, The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, New Delhi, Safe, 1987, p. 27.
Hoofdstuk 1: China expandeert verticaal, India horizontaal
1. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 10 en 34.
2. Ibid., p. 12-13.
3. Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean, New York, Routledge, 2003, p. 12.
4. Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World, New York, Norton, 2008.
5. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Hoe de wereld werd ontdekt: Geschiedenis van de ontdekkingstochten, Utrecht, Spectrum, 2007, p. 47.
6. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 291, citaat van Tomé Pires.
7. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company, Londen, HarperCollins, 1991, p. 104.
8. Heather Timmons en Somini Sengupta, ‘Building a Modern Arsenal in India’, New York Times, 31 augustus 2007. Citaat van Sitanshu Kar, woordvoerder van het Indiase ministerie van Defensie.
9. International Energy Agency, ‘World Energy Outlook 2007’, Parijs, 2007.
10. Bethany Danyluk, Juli A. MacDonald en Ryan Tuggle, ‘Energy Futures in Asia: Perspectives on India’s Energy Security Strategy and Policies’, Booz Allen Hamilton, 2007.
11. Andrew Erickson en Gabe Collins, ‘Beijing’s Energy Security Strategy: The Significance of a Chinese State-Owned Tanker Fleet’, Orbis, najaar 2007.
12. Martin Walker, ‘CHIMEA: The Emerging Hub of the Global Economy’, A.T. Kearney report, Washington, D.C., 2008. Dag en nacht en zeven dagen per week passeren tien schepen per uur de Straat van Malakka.
13. Thomas P.M. Barnett, ‘India’s 12 Steps to a World-Class Navy’, Proceedings, Annapolis, MD, juli 2001.
14. James R. Holmes en Toshi Yoshihara, ‘China and the United States in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Strategic Triangle?’ Naval War College Review, zomer 2008.
15. Juli A. MacDonald, Amy Donahue en Bethany Danyluk, ‘Energy Futures in Asia: Final Report’, Booz Allen Hamilton, november 2004. De uitspraak werd oorspronkelijk geciteerd door Chinadeskundige Ross Munro.
16. Holmes en Yoshihara, ‘China and the United States in the Indian Ocean’.
17. China bouwt eendere faciliteiten in Cambodja aan de Golf van Thailand en aan de Zuid-Chinese Zee. MacDonald, Donahue en Danyluk, ‘Energy Futures in Asia’; Malik, ‘Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region’.
18. Andrew Erickson en Lyle Goldstein, ‘Gunboats for China’s New “Grand Canals”?’ Naval War College Review, voorjaar 2009.
19. Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasury Fleet of the Dragon Throne, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994; Thant Myint-U, The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma, New York, Farrar, Straus en Giroux, 2006, p. 66; Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders, Londen, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 79.
20. M. Shamsur Rabb Khan, ‘Time to Revive India-Iran Relations’, IndiaPost.com, 27 januari 2008.
21. Kemp, ’East Moves West’.
22. Ramtanu Maitra, ’India-US Security: All at Sea in the Indian Ocean’, Asia Times, 6 december 2007.
23. MacDonald, Donahue en Danyluk, ‘Energy Futures in Asia’.
24. Greg Sheridan, ‘East Meets West,’ National Interest, november/december 2006.
25. Ibid.
26. Walker, “CHIMEA’.
Hoofdstuk 2: Oman is overal
1. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Hoe de wereld werd ontdekt: Geschiedenis van de ontdekkingstochten, Utrecht, Spectrum, 2007, p. 52.
2. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 55.
3. Juliet Highet, Frankincense: Oman’s Gift to the World, New York, Prestel, 2006.
4. Ministerie van Nationaal Erfgoed en Cultuur, Oman: A Seafaring Nation, Muscat, sultanaat Oman, 2005.
5. The Travels of Marco Polo, hfst. 37.
6. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 203; Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders, Londen, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 8.
7. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 16-17.
8. André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, dl. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries, Boston en Leiden: Brill, 1990 en 2002, p. 4.
9. Halford Mackinder, ’The Geographical Pivot of History’, Geographical Journal, Londen, april 1904.
10. Fernández-Armesto, Hoe de wereld werd ontdekt, p. 49.
11. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, p. 198-199. Zie ook: Hourani, p. 47, 62; Wink, Al-Hind, p. 50.
12. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, p. 200, 208, 261.
13. Fernández-Armesto, Hoe de wereld werd ontdekt, p. 82.
14. Patricia Risso, Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean, Boulder, CO, Westview, 1995, p. 46; Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 121.
15. George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1951, p. 4, 23.
16. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, p. 242.
17. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, dl. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1961, p. 542-543.
18. Risso, Merchants & Faith, p. 53.
19. Ibid., p. 5-6, 54, 71-72.
20. Ibid., p. 23-24.
21. Peter Boxhall, ‘Portuguese Seafarers in the Indian Ocean’, Asian Affairs, dl. 23, nr. 3, 1992.
22. Nayan Chandra, ‘When Asia Was One,’ Global Asia: A Journal of the East Asia Foundation, september 2006.
23. Hall, Empires of the Monsoon, p. 24-25, 63.
24. Chanda, ‘When Asia Was One’.
25. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, p. 253.
Hoofdstuk 3: Curzons grenzen
1. George N. Curzon, Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture 1907, 1907; herdruk, Boston, Elibron Classics, 2006.
2. Ibid., p. 13-16.
3. Peter Mansfield, The Arabs, Harmondsworth, Eng., Penguin, 1976, p. 371 van Penguin; Curzon, Frontiers, p. 42.
4. Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995, p. 66. Zie ook: Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of Allah, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2008.
5. Calvin H. Allen jr., ‘Oman: A Separate Place’, Wilson Quarterly, nieuwjaar 1987.
6. Ibid.
7. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders, Londen, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 355.
8. Ibid.
9. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1968, p. 5-6.
10. Engseng Ho, hoogleraar antropologie aan Harvard University, presentatie voor een conferentie over ‘Port City States of the Indian Ocean’, Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative, 9 en 10 februari 2008.
Hoofdstuk 4: ‘De Indische landen’
1. C.R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, ingeleid door J.H. Plumb, Londen, Hutchinson, 1969, p. 354.
2. Landeg White, inleiding bij Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997.
3. George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1951, p. 35.
4. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776; herdruk New York, Knopf, 1993), hfst. 2. Zie ook: Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 265.
5. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, p. 265.
6. Burton Stein, A History of India, Oxford, Eng., Blackwell, 1998, p. 100-104, 127-128.
7. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders, Londen, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 323.
8. Voor meer details, zie: Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, dl. 2, 1949; New York, Harper & Row, 1973, p. 1174-1176.
9. A.J.R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 22.
10. K.M. Pannikar, Asia and Western Dominance, Londen, Allen & Unwin, 1959, p. 17.
11. Ibid., p. 24.
12. Hall, Empires of the Monsoon, p. 190.
13. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance, p. 17, 24, 313.
14. Ibid., p. 25.
15. Peter Russell, Prince Henry ‘the Navigator’: A Life, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2000.
16. Saudi Aramco World, juni/juli 1962.
17. Patricia Risso, Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean, Boulder, CO, Westview, 1995, p. 36; Jakub J. Grygiel, Great Powers and Geopolitical Change, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 41-42.
18. Veel hiervan is ontleend aan Boxers Portuguese Seaborne Empire.
19. Grygiel, Great Powers and Geopolitical Change, p. 43.
20. William Dalrymple, The Age of Kali: Indian Travels and Encounters, Londen, HarperCollins, 1998, p. 238.
21. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 161-165.
22. Fernández-Armesto, Hoe de wereld werd ontdekt, p. 207.
23. R.B. Sergeant, The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast, Oxford, Eng., Clarendon, 1963, p. 15.
24. Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean, New York, Routledge, 2003, p. 125.
25. Plumb in Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. xxiii.
26. Hall, Empires of the Monsoon, p. 172, 198. Zie ook: Gaspar Correa, The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama 1964; en Nick Robins, The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational, Hyderabad, India, Orient Longman, 2006, p. 41-42.
27. T.E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph, Londen, Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935, hfst. 3.
28. Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. 377-378.
29. Ibid., p. 296.
30. Ibid., p. 39-43.
31. Risso, Merchants & Faith, p. 52.
32. Russell-Wood, Portuguese Empire, p. 15, 18-20.
33. Ibid., p. 21.
34. Fernándo Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet, vert. Margaret Jull Costa, 1982; herdruk, New York: Serpent’s Tail, 1991, p. 52.
35. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, p. 23, 198.
36. C.M. Bowra, ‘Camões and the Epic of Portugal’, in zijn From Virgil to Milton, 1945; herdruk, Londen, Macmillan, 1967, p. 99-100; Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, vert. Landeg White, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, Vijfde Canto: 81.
37. Camões, Lusíads, Achtste Canto: 86.
38. Ibid., Vierde Canto: 87; Zesde: 80-84.
39. White, Inleiding bij The Lusíads. Zie ook: Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 154-159.
40. Camões, Lusíads, Vijfde Canto: 86.
41. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, p. 86.
42. Camões, Eerste Canto: 27.
43. Camões, Vijfde Canto: 16.
44. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, p. 97; Camões, Eerste Canto: 64, en Tiende: 102, 122.
45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11e ed., New York, 1910.
46. Camões, Eerste Canto: 3.
47. Ibid., Eerste Canto: 99.
48. Ibid., Negende Canto: 1.
49. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, p. 133, 136.
50. Camões, Vierde Canto: 99.
Hoofdstuk 5: Beloetsjistan en Sindh
1. André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, dl. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries, Boston en Leiden, Brill, 1990, 2002, p. 129.
2. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company, Londen, HarperCollins, 1991, p. 103.
3. B. Raman, ‘Hambantota and Gwadar – an Update’, Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai, India, 2009.
4. Robert G. Wirsing, ‘Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources: The Changing Context of Separatism in Pakistan’, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, 17 april 2008.
5. Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands, New York, Dutton, 1959, p. 276.
6. ‘The Great Land Robbery: Gwadar’, The Herald, Karachi, Pakistan, juni 2008.
7. Selig S. Harrison, ‘Ethnic Tensions and the Future of Pakistan’, discussienota voor het Center for International Policy, 2008.
8. Harrison, ‘Pakistan’s Baluch Insurgency’, Le Monde Diplomatique, oktober 2006.
9. International Crisis Group, ‘Pakistan: The Forgotten Conflict in Balochistan’, Islamabad/Brussel, 22 oktober 2007).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Wirsing, ‘Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources’.
14. Ibid.
15. Wink, Al-Hind, p. 173, 175.
16. Aryn Baker, ‘Karachi Dreams Big’, Time (Asia), 8 februari 2008.
17. Robert D. Kaplan, Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground, New York, Random House, 2005, p. 37.
18. Ibid.
19. Freya Stark, East Is West, Londen, John Murray, 1945, p. 198.
20. John F. Richards, Mughal Empire, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 51.
21. William Dalrymple, ‘Pakistan in Peril’, New York Review of Books, 12 februari 2009.
22. Wink, Al-Hind, p. 213.
23. Joseph A. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 6.
24. Burton Stein, A History of India, Oxford, Eng., Blackwell, 1998, p. 22.
25. W. Gordon East, The Geography Behind History, New York, Norton, 1965, p. 142.
26. Asif Raza Morio, Moen Jo Daro, Mysterious City of [the] Indus Valley Civilization, Larkana, Pakistan, Editions, 2007.
27. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan, New York, Farrar, Straus en Giroux, 2002, p. 181.
28. Tainter, Collapse of Complex Societies, p. 1.
29. Richard F. Burton, Sindh: and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus; with Notices of the Topography and History of the Province, Londen, Allen, 1851, p. 3, 362.
Hoofdstuk 6: De problematische opkomst van Gujarat
1. Edward Luce, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India, New York, Doubleday, 2007, p. 158-162.
2. Citizens for Justice and Peace, ‘Summary of the CJP’s Activities Between April 2002 and October 2003’, Mumbai.
3. André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, dl. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 269.
4. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, vert. Landeg White, 1572; herdruk New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, Tiende Canto: 106.
5. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, dl. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1961, p. 546; Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 109.
6. R.A.L.H. Gunawardana, ‘Changing Patterns of Navigation in the Indian Ocean and Their Impact on Pre-Colonial Sri Lanka’, in Satish Chandra, The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, New Delhi, Sage, 1987, p. 81.
7. S. Arasaratnam, ‘India and the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century’ in Ashin Das Gupta en M.N. Pearson, red., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800, Kolkata, Oxford University Press, 1987.
8. Engseng Ho, ‘Port City States of the Indian Ocean’, Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative, 9 en 10 februari 2008.
9. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 75. Charles Verlinden, ‘The Indian Ocean: The Ancient Period and the Middle Ages’, in Chandra, Indian Ocean, p. 49.
10. Dwijendra Tripathi, ‘Crisis of Indian Polity and the Historian’, Indian History Congress, Amritsar, 2002.
11. Zie in dit verband Susanne Hoeber Rudolph en Lloyd I. Rudolph, ‘Modern Hate: How Ancient Animosities Get Invented’, New Republic, 22 maart 1993.
12. Walter Laqueur, red., Fascism: A Reader’s Guide; Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography, Londen, Wildwood, 1976.
13. Juan J. Linz, ‘Some Notes Toward a Comparative Study of Fascism in Sociological Historical Perspective’. Zie ook: Zeev Sternhells ‘Fascist Ideology’. Beide in Laqueurs Fascism.
14. Thomas Pynchon, Voorwoord bij George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, New York, Penguin, 2003.
15. Zie Achyut Yagnik en Suchitra Sheth, The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond, New Delhi, Penguin India, 2005.
16. Camões, The Lusíads, Tiende Canto: 60, 64.
17. Amartya Sen, ‘Why Democratization Is Not the Same as Westernization: Democracy and Its Global Roots’, New Republic, 6 oktober 2003.
18. Elias Canetti, Crowds and Power, New York, Viking, 1960.
Hoofdstuk 7: Vanuit Delhi gezien
1. John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 122.
2. Ibid., p. 35.
3. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, p. 159-160.
4. Richards, Mughal Empire, p. 239, 242.
5. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 56.
6. William Dalrymple, City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi, Londen, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 82-83.
7. George N. Curzon, Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture 1907 (1907; herdruk Boston, Elibron Classics, 2006), p. 57-58.
8. Lord Curzon of Kedleston, The Place of India in the Empire, Londen, John Murray, 1909, p. 12.
9. Parag Khanna en C. Raja Mohan, ‘Getting India Right’ Policy Review, februari/maart 2006.
10. Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power, Washington, DC, Brookings, 2001, p. 55.
11. James R. Holmes, Andrew C. Winner en Toshi Yoshihara, Indian Naval Strategy in the 21st Century, Londen, Routledge, 2009, p. 131.
12. Holmes en Yoshihara, ‘China and the United States in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Strategic Triangle?’ Naval War College Review, zomer 2008. Uit Mings artikelen ‘The Indian Navy Energetically Steps Toward the High Seas’ en ‘The Malacca Dilemma and the Chinese Navy’s Strategic Choices’.
13. Holmes en Yoshihara, ‘China and the United States in the Indian Ocean’.
14. Geoffrey Kemp, ‘The East Moves West’, National Interest, zomer 2006.
15. Heather Timmons en Somini Sengupta, ‘Building a Modern Arsenal in India’, New York Times, 31 augustus 2007.
16. Daniel Twining, ‘The New Great Game’, Weekly Standard, 25 december 2006.
17. Greg Sheridan, ‘East Meets West’, National Interest, november/december 2006.
18. Holmes, Winner en Toshihara, Indian Naval Strategy in the 21st Century, p. 142.
19. Defense Industry Daily, 6 juni 2005.
20. Mohan Malik, ‘Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region’, Honolulu, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2008.
21. Adam Wolfe, Yevgeny Bendersky en Federico Bordonaro, Power and Interest News Report, 20 juli 2005.
22. Khanna en Mohan, ‘Getting India Right’.
23. Edward Luce, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India, New York, Doubleday, 2007, p. 287.
24. Ibid., p. 275.
25. Twining, ‘New Great Game’.
26. Stanley Weiss, ‘India: The Incredible and the Vulnerable’, International Herald Tribune, 23 april 2008.
27. Khanna en Mohan, ‘Getting India Right’.
28. Sunil Khilnani, ‘India as a Bridging Power’, The Foreign Policy Centre, 2005.
29. Harsh V. Pant, ‘A Rising India’s Search for a Foreign Policy’, Orbis, voorjaar 2009.
Hoofdstuk 8: Bangladesh: een levensgrote uitdaging
1. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 5.
2. Interview met Jay Gulledge, senior scientist, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2009.
3. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, p. 306.
4. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1968, p. 1, 9, 47.
5. Eaton, Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, p. 235.
6. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, vert. Landeg White, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, Tiende Canto: 121.
7. Suniti Bhushan Qanungo, A History of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Signet, 1988, p. 468. Het materiaal over de historische achtergrond komt grotendeels uit dit boek.
8. Thant Myint-U, The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma, New York, Farrar, Straus en Giroux, 2006, p. 72.
9. Ibid., p. 110.
Hoofdstuk 9: Kolkata: de volgende mondialisering
1. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company, Londen, HarperCollins, 1991, p. 220, 272.
2. Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads, vert. Landeg White, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, Zevende Canto: 20.
3. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, p. 12-13, 19-20, 61-62, 313.
4. Geoffrey Moorhouse, Calcutta: The City Revealed, Londen, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971, p. 93.
5. Ibid., p. 18.
6. David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman, New York, Farrar, Straus en Giroux, 1994, p. 145.
7. Dominique Lapierre, De stad der vreugde, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1985.
8. William T. Vollmann, Poor People, New York, Ecco, 2007, p. xiv, 111, 123-124, 239.
9. Madeleine Biardeau, India, vert. F. Carter, Londen, Vista, 1960, p. 65, 73.
10. Moorhouse, Calcutta, p. 128.
11. Sunil Gangopadhyay, Those Days, vert. Aruna Chakravarti, New York, Penguin, 1981, 1997, p. 581.
12. Basil Lubbock, The Opium Clippers, Boston, Lauriat, 1933, p. 13-14, 16-17, 28. Om een voorbeeld van de winsten te geven: een portie opium van 70 rupees in Bengalen leverde 225 rupees op in het Nederlandse Batavia. Zie C.R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800, Londen, Hutchinson, 1965, p. 228.
13. Simon en Rupert Winchester, Calcutta, Oakland, CA, Lonely Planet, 2004, p. 32.
14. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 193.
15. Zie het essay van Isaiah Berlin, ‘Historical Inevitability’, als lezing gehouden in 1953 en gepubliceerd in Four Essays on Liberty, Londen, Oxford University Press, 1969.
16. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, gered., geannoteerd en ingeleid door Preston C. Farrar, 1840; herdruk, New York, Longmans, Green, 1910, p. xxx, 3, 16-17.
17. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 289.
18. Ibid., p. 281.
19. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 22.
20. Ibid., p. 24-25.
21. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 290.
22. Ibid., p. 36-37.
23. Moorhouse, Calcutta, p. 25-26.
24. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 39.
25. Ibid., p. 40.
26. Ibid., p. 41.
27. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 43.
28. Ibid., p. 44.
29. Ibid., p. 45.
30. Ibid., p. 45-46.
31. Keay, Honourable Company, p. 315.
32. Ibid., p. 51.
33. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 59-60.
34. Ibid., p. 61.
35. Macaulay, Essay on Lord Clive, p. 97.
36. Harvey, Clive, p. 375-376.
37. Nick Robins, The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational, Hyderabad, India, Orient Longman, 2006, p. 168.
38. Ibid., p. 103.
Hoofdstuk 10: Over strategie en schoonheid
1. David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman, New York, Farrar, Straus en Giroux, 1994, p. 181.
2. C. Raja Mohan, Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India’s New Foreign Policy, New York, Penguin, 2003, p. 204.
3. Ibid.
4. George Friedman, ‘The Geopolitics of India: A Shifting, Self-Contained World’, Stratford, december 2008.
5. Shashi Tharoor, Nehru: The Invention of India, New York, Arcade, 2003, p. 185.
6. Simon en Rupert Winchester, Calcutta, Oakland, CA, Lonely Planet, 2004, p. 78.
7. Amartya Sen, ‘Tagore and His India’, New York Review of Books, 26 juni 1997.
8. Rabindranath Tagore, ‘Passing Time in the Rain’, in zijn Selected Short Stories, vert. William Radice, New Delhi, Penguin, 1991, appendix.
9. Zie het verhaal ‘Little Master’s Return’ en de inleiding van de vertaler in ibid.
10. Samuel Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’, Foreign Affairs, zomer 1993.
11. Geciteerd in Sen, ‘Tagore and His India’.
12. Zie de brieven, appendix B, in Tagores Selected Stories.
13. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 235.
14. Ibid., p. 261.
Hoofdstuk 11: Sri Lanka: de nieuwe geopolitiek
1. B. Raman, ‘Hambantota and Gwadar – an Update’, Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai, India, 2009.
2. Voor een verslag over de zachte machtsuitoefening van China, zie Joshua Kurlantzicks Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power Is Transforming the World, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2007.
3. George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1951, p. 40.
4. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders, Londen, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 80 en 92.
5. Sudha Ramachandran, ‘China Moves into India’s Backyard’, Asia Times, 13 maart 2007; Bethany Danyluk, Juli A. MacDonald en Ryan Tuggle, ‘Energy Futures in Asia: Perspectives on India’s Energy Security Strategy and Policies’, Booz Allen Hamilton, 2007.
6. Harsh V. Pant, ‘End Game in Sri Lanka’, Jakarta Post, 25 februari 2009.
7. Jeremy Page, ‘Chinese Billions in Sri Lanka Fund Battle Against Tamil Tigers’, The Times, Londen, 2 mei 2009.
8. Televisiezenders als de BBC en Al Jazeera doen uitgebreider verslag over Sri Lanka dan de Amerikaanse tv-stations.
9. K.M. de Silva, Reaping the Whirlwind: Ethnic Conflict, Ethnic Politics in Sri Lanka, New Delhi, Penguin, 1998, p. 8.
10. Ibid., p. 19, 82.
11. John Richardson, Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka’s Civil Wars, Kandy, Sri Lanka, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2005, p. 24-27; Kingsley M. de Silva, Managing Ethnic Tensions in Multi-Ethnic Societies, Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 1986, p. 361-368; Tom Lowenstein, Treasures of the Buddha: The Glories of Sacred Asia, Londen, Duncan Baird, 2006, p. 62-66.
12. De achtergrond van het conflict tussen Singalezen en Tamils komt grotendeels uit het neutrale en uitvoerige boek van Richards en uit De Silva’s even uitvoerige Reaping the Whirlwind.
13. Narayan Swamy, Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas, New Delhi, Konark, 1994, p. 40-92; Mary Anne Weaver, ‘The Gods and the Stars’, New Yorker, 21 maart 1988; Richardson, Paradise Poisoned, p. 351-352, 479-480.
14. Michael Radu, ‘How to Kill Civilians in the Name of “Human Rights”: Lessons from Sri Lanka’, E-Note, Foreign Policy Research Institute, fpri.org, februari 2009.
15. Michael Radu, ‘How to Kill Civilians in the Name of “Human Rights”: Lessons from Sri Lanka’, Foreign Policy Research Institute, februari 2009.
16. Jakub J. Grygiel, ‘The Power of Statelessness’, Policy Review, april/mei 2009.
17. Al Jazeera, 20 mei 2009.
18. Emily Wax, ‘Editor’s Killing Underscores Perils of Reporting in Sri Lanka’, Washington Post, 15 januari 2009.
19. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1968, p. 7.
20. Interview met Pat Garrett, senior associate, Booz Allen Hamilton.
Hoofdstuk 12: Birma: waar India en China op elkaar botsen
1. Washington Post, redactioneel commentaar, 30 augustus 2007.
2. Norman Lewis, Golden Earth: Travels in Burma, 1952; herdruk Londen, Eland, 2003, p. 137-138, 151, 205.
3. Dana Dillon en John J. Tkacik jr., ‘China’s Quest for Asia,’ Policy Review, december 2005/januari 2006.
4. Joshua Kurlantzik, ‘The Survivalists: How Burma’s Junta Hangs On’, New Republic, 11 juni 2008.
5. Greg Sheridan, ‘East Meets West’, National Interest, november/december 2006.
6. Thant Myint-U, The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma, New York, Farrar, Straus en Giroux, 2006, p. 41.
7. Ibid., p. 47, 59.
8. Pankaj Mishra, ‘The Revolt of the Monks’, New York Review of Books, 14 februari 2008.
9. Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, Londen, Zed, 1991, hfst. 2.
10. Ibid.
11. Thant Myint-U, River of Lost Footsteps, p. 162.
12. In The Glass Palace, New York, Random House, 2000, schrijft Amitav Ghosh een rijke, verhalende studie over deze historische breuk.
13. Mishra, ‘Revolt of the Monks’.
14. Brigadier Bernard Fergusson, The Wild Green Earth, Londen, Collins, 1946.
15. Washington Post, 30 augustus 2007.
16. Mishra, ‘Revolt of the Monks’.
17. James Fallows, ‘Evil in Burma’, TheAtlantic.com, 11 mei 2008.
Hoofdstuk 13: De tropische islam van Indonesië
1. Robert D. Kaplan, Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground, New York, Random House, 2007, hfst. 3.
2. Simon Winchester, Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded; August 27, 1883, New York, HarperCollins, 2003, p. 40-41, 320-321.
3. Ibid., p. 326.
4. M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1981, p. 10.
5. Clifford Geertz, Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968, p. 11-12, 16, 66.
6. Giora Eliraz, Islam in Indonesia: Modernism, Radicalism, and the Middle East Dimension, Brighton, Sussex, 2004, p. 74.
7. V.S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey, New York, Penguin, 1981, p. 304, 331.
8. John Hughes, The End of Sukarno: A Coup That Misfired; a Purge That Ran Wild, Singapore, Archipelago, 1967, 2002, p. 166-169.
9. Geertz, Islam Observed, p. 65.
10. Eliraz, Islam in Indonesia, p. 42-43; Winchester, Krakatoa, p. 333-334.
11. Malcolm H. Kerr, Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966, p. 15.
12. Geertz, Islam Observed, p. 17.
13. Eliraz, Islam in Indonesia, p. 6-8, 14, 20.
14. Ibid., p. 31.
15. Geertz, Islam Observed, p. 61-62.
16. Andrew MacIntyre en Douglas E. Ramage, ‘Seeing Indonesia as a Normal Country’, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Barton, 2008.
17. Verteld aan de geleerde Robert W. Hefner, in Eliraz, Islam in Indonesia, p. 67.
Hoofdstuk 14: Het hart van maritiem Azië
1. Juli A. MacDonald, Amy Donahue en Bethany Danyluk, ‘Energy Futures in Asia: Final Report’, Booz Allen Hamilton, november 2004.
2. Voor een profiel van Singapore, zie mijn eerdere boek, Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground, New York, Random House, 2007, hfst. 3.
3. Mohan Malik, ‘Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region’, Honolulu, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2008.
4. Ian W. Porter, ‘The Indian Ocean Rim’, African Security Review, dl. 6, nr. 6 (1997). Genoemd door Malik.
5. G.B. Souza, ‘Maritime Trade and Politics in China and the South China Sea,’ in Ashin Das Gupta en M.N. Pearson, red., India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800, Kolkata, Oxford University Press, 1987.
6. Dorothy Van Duyne, ‘The Straits of Malacca: Strategic Considerations’, United States Naval Academy, 2007.
7. Donald B. Freeman, The Straits of Malacca: Gateway or Gauntlet? Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003, p. 55.
8. Patricia Risso, Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean, Boulder, CO, Westview, 1995, p. 90.
9. Arun Das Gupta, ‘The Maritime Trade of Indonesia: 1500–1800’, in Ashin Das Gupta en Pearson, India and the Indian Ocean, New Delhi, Sage, 1987; Satish Chandra, The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics, New Delhi, Sage, 1987, p. 181-182.
10. Michael Leifer, Malacca, Singapore, and Indonesia, Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1978, p. 9. Zie ook: Van Duyne, ‘Straits of Malacca’.
11. Van Duyne, ‘Straits of Malacca’.
12. Han van der Horst, The Low Sky: Understanding the Dutch, vert. Andy Brown, Den Haag, Scriptum, 1996, p. 29, 85, 127; Geert Mak, Amsterdam: A Brief Life of the City, vert. Philipp Blom, Londen, Harvill, 1995, 2001, p. 1.
13. Van der Horst, Low Sky, p. 90-91.
14. J.H. Plumb, inleiding bij C.R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800, Londen, Hutchinson, 1965.
15. Mak, Amsterdam, p. 120.
16. Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 29. Dit deel over de Nederlandse koloniën komt grotendeels uit deze klassieke studie.
17. Mak, Amsterdam, p. 120-121.
18. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 166-67.
19. Plumb, inleiding bij Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire.
20. Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 50, 102.
21. Holden Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 36.
22. E. du Perron, red., De Muze van Jan Compagnie, Bandung, Indonesië, 1948, p. 13; zie ook Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 56.
23. Ibid.
24. Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 78.
25. Mak, Amsterdam, p. 160-161.
26. Villiers, Monsoon Seas, p. 177.
27. Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 273.
28. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, New York, Random House, 1987.
29. Andrew MacIntyre en Douglas E. Ramage, ‘Seeing Indonesia as a Normal Country’, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Barton, 2008.
30. Voor een protret van Lee Kuan Yew, zie mijn Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts, hfst. 3.
31. Ioannis Gatsiounis, ‘Year of the Rat: A Letter from Kuala Lumpur’, American Interest, mei/juni 2008.
32. Dana Dillon en John J. Tkacik jr., ‘China’s Quest for Asia,’ Policy Review, december 2005/januari 2006.
33. Hugo Restall, ‘Pressure Builds on Singapore’s System’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 september 2008.
Hoofdstuk 15: De twee-oceanenstrategie van China?
1. William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 565.
2. Gabriel B. Collins e.a., red., China’s Energy Strategy: The Impact on Beijing’s Maritime Policies, Annapolis, MD, Naval Institute Press, 2008.
3. Toshi Yoshihara en James Holmes, ‘Command of the Sea with Chinese Characteristics’, Orbis, najaar 2005.
4. Ibid.
5. Andrew Erickson en Lyle Goldstein, ‘Gunboats for China’s New “Grand Canals”?’ Naval War College Review, voorjaar 2009.
6. James R. Holmes en Toshi Yoshihara, Chinese Naval Strategy in the 21st Century: The Turn to Mahan, New York, Routledge, 2008, p. 52-53.
7. Nicholas J. Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power, met een inleiding van Francis P. Sempa, 1942, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction, 2007, p. xvi.
8. Donald B. Freeman, The Straits of Malacca: Gateway or Gauntlet?, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003, p. 77.
9. Juli A. MacDonald, Amy Donahue en Bethany Danyluk, ‘Energy Futures in Asia: Final Report’, Booz Allen Hamilton, 2004.
10. Jakub J. Grygiel, Great Powers and Geopolitical Change, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 142-148.
11. Aaron L. Friedberg, The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1988.
12. Fariborz Haghshenass, ‘Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare’, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, september 2008.
Hoofdstuk 16: Eenheid en anarchie
1. Ben Simpfendorfer, The New Silk Road: How a Rising Arab World Is Turning Away from the West and Rediscovering China, Londen, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 1.
2. Nicholas J. Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power, 1942; herdruk, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction, 2008.
3. Simpfendorfer, New Silk Road, p. 40; Ulrich Jacoby, ‘Getting Together’, Finance and Development, Internationaal Monetair Fonds, juni 2007.
4. Andrew Droddy, ‘The Silent Scramble for Africa’, United States Naval Academy, 2006.
5. Alex Vines en Elizabeth Sidiropolous, ‘India and Africa’, TheWorldToday.org, 2008; Vibhuti Hate, South Asia Monitor, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 10 juni 2008.
6. Sharon Burke, ‘Natural Security’, discussienota, Center for a New American Security, juni 2009.
7. Mohan Malik, ‘Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region’, Honolulu, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2008; ‘Opportunity Knocks: Africa’s Prospects’ en ‘Everything to Play For: Middle East and Africa’, Economist, 9 oktober en 19 november 2008; Sarah Childress, ‘In Africa, Democracy Gains Amid Turmoil’, Wall Street Journal, 18 juni 2008; Tony Elumelu, ‘Africa Stands Out’, TheWorldToday.org, mei 2009.
8. Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth, New York, Random House, 1996, p. 7; Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics, p. 92.
9. Robert D. Kaplan, ‘The Coming Anarchy’, Atlantic Monthly, februari 1994.
10. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 12.
11. ‘Opportunity Knocks’, Economist.
12. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 208, 210.
13. Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, Londen, Croom Helm, 1986, p. 219; Simon Digby, ‘The Maritime Trade of India’, in Tapan Ray Chaudhuri en Irfan Habib, red., The Cambridge Economic History of India, dl. I, Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 152. Zie ook Patricia Risso, Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean, Boulder, CO, Westview, 1995, p. 53.
14. Jakub J. Grygiel, Great Powers and Geopolitical Change, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 153.
15. George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1951, p. 55, 113-114.
16. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, dl. 2, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996, p. 865, 869.
17. Richard J. Norton, ‘Feral Cities’, Naval War College Review, najaar 2003. Zie ook Matthew M. Frick, ‘Feral Cities, Pirate Havens’, Proceedings, Annapolis, MD, december 2008.
18. Donald B. Freeman, The Straits of Malacca: Gateway or Gauntlet?, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003, p. 175.
19. Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean, New York, Routledge, 2003, p. 127.
20. Freeman, Straits of Malacca, p. 175.
21. Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Golden Empire, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 45-47.
22. Abdulrazak Gurnah, Desertion, New York, Anchor, 2005, p. 83.
23. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company, Londen, HarperCollins, 1991, p. 255-256.
24. Basil Lubbock, The Opium Clippers, Boston, Lauriat, 1933, p. 8, 181.
25. Freeman, Straits of Malacca, p. 174-179, 181-183.
Hoofdstuk 17: Zanzibar: de laatste grens
1. Richard Hall, Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders, Londen, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 397, 415, 446.
2. Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, p. 87.
3. Ryszard Kapuscinski, The Shadow of the Sun, vert. Klara Glowczewska, New York, Vintage, 2001, p. 83.
4. Alan Moorehead, The White Nile, Londen, Hamish Hamilton, 1960, hfst. 1.
5. G. Thomas Burgess, ‘Cosmopolitanism and Its Discontents’, in Race, Revolution, and the Struggle for Human Rights in Zanzibar, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2009.
6. Abdul Sheriff, ‘Race and Class in the Politics of Zanzibar’, Afrika Spectrum, jrg. 36, no. 3 (2001).
7. Abdulrazak Gurnah, Admiring Silence, New York, The New Press, 1996, p. 66-67.
8. Ibid., p. 151.
9. Abdulrazak Gurnah, Paradise, New York, The New Press, 1994, p. 119.
10. Gurnah, Admiring Silence, p. 131.
11. Gurnah, Paradise, p. 174.
12. Abdulrazak Gurnah, Desertion, New York, Anchor, 2005, p. 212.
13. Gurnah, Admiring Silence, p. 69, 144, 121, 150.
14. Gurnah, Desertion, p. 256.
15. Gurnah, Admiring Silence, p. 67, 134.
16. Gurnah, Desertion, p. 110, 225.
17. Sunil Gangopadhyay, Those Days, vert. Aruna Chakravarti, New York, Penguin, 1981, 1997, p. 7.
18. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, p. 60, 167-168.