Three Kingdoms is a classic historical novel. It was also the first Chinese novel with each chapter headed by a couplet giving the gist of the content. It describes the power struggles among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, headed by Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, respectively, in the period known to Chinese history as that of the Three Kingdoms (220 – 280). It highlights the sharp and complicated political and military conflicts of that time, and had a far-reaching influence on the political and military strategies of later ages. The novel vividly portrays the individuality of the historical characters, including Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Besides being a work of epic grandeur, its literary merit has had a great impact on China 's literature and art, and social life as well.

Three Kingdoms was first published in the period which saw the demise of the Yuan Dynasty and the rise of the Ming Dynasty. Many stories about the three kingdoms had circulated among the people before the appearance of the book. Many editions of Three Kingdoms have appeared, and the novel has been translated into foreign languages since the end of the 17th century. This English edition, by US sinologist Moss Roberts, is based on the Mao Zonggang edition published during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644 – 1911).

Three Kingdoms is a classic historical novel. It was also the first Chinese novel with each chapter headed by a couplet giving the gist of the content. It describes the power struggles among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, headed by Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, respectively, in the period known to Chinese history as that of the Three Kingdoms (220 – 280). It highlights the sharp and complicated political and military conflicts of that time, and had a far-reaching influence on the political and military strategies of later ages. The novel vividly portrays the individuality of the historical characters, including Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Besides being a work of epic grandeur, its literary merit has had a great impact on China 's literature and art, and social life as well.

Three Kingdoms was first published in the period which saw the demise of the Yuan Dynasty and the rise of the Ming Dynasty. Many stories about the three kingdoms had circulated among the people before the appearance of the book. Many editions of Three Kingdoms have appeared, and the novel has been translated into foreign languages since the end of the 17th century. This English edition, by US sinologist Moss Roberts, is based on the Mao Zonggang edition published during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644 – 1911).

"A Classic of Japanese thought…Poetic, robust…a feast of aphorisms and martial anecdotes." – The New York Review of Books

"HAGAKURE became a kind of magical discovery for me, and 'hidden under its leaves' were some important gifts." – Jim Jarmusch

"A fascinating glimpse into another place and time." -Library Journal

"Yamamoto brought together three temperaments: loyalty to his master, a literary sensibility, and the enlightenment of Zen." – Choice

Примечания А.Д. Михайлова

Монументальный роман Вольфрама фон Эшенбаха «Парцифаль» («Рarzival») написан в первом десятилетии XIII в. Сохранившись в нескольких рукописях, роман был напечатан уже в 1477 г. В следующие столетия интерес к «Парцифалю» постепенно уменьшился, и книга была почти забыта. Ее новое издание (осуществленное X. Миллером) появилось в 1744 г., но не привлекло широкого внимания, равно как и пересказ романа гекзаметрами, выполненный Йоганном Яковом Бодмером (1698-1783) и напечатанный в 1753 г. Первое научное издание «Парцифаля» было подготовлено крупнейшим немецким исследователем К. Лахманом (1833), в 1870-1871 гг. вышло новое критическое издание романа, осуществленное К. Барчем. В 1903 г. Альберт Лейцман подготовил новое трехтомное издание «Парцифаля», затем несколько раз переизданное. (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, herausgegeben von Albert Leitzmann, 5. Auflage. Halle, 1955).

Опираясь на издание А. Лейцмана, выполнен настоящий перевод. Учитывая огромные размеры книги (в отдельных списках до 25 000 стихов), перевод этот – неизбежно сокращенный. Переводчик стремился передать не только основное содержание романа, но и его стилистические особенности – несомненный налет импровизации, отразившейся в nrqrsokemhu от строгого ритмического рисунка стиха, в разговорных интонациях, повторах и т. п. При сокращении текста не опущен ни один из существенных эпизодов книги, в ряде мест вместо точного перевода дан краткий – стихотворный же – пересказ. Эти места обозначены отточиями. На русский язык роман Вольфрама в таком объеме еще не переводился.

(c) Copyright Вольфрам фон Эшенбах, 1210

(c) Copyright Лев Гинзбург, сокр. перевод со средневерхненемецкого.

Date: 1200-1210 гг. (XIII век)

Изд: «Средневековый роман и повесть» – М., «Худ. лит.», 1974 г.

OCR, Spellcheck: Николай Браун, 13 мая 2005.